Epigenetic modifications and metabolic memory in diabetic retinopathy: beyond the surface

Epigenetics focuses on DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, noncoding RNAs, and other gene regulation mechanisms beyond the DNA sequence. In the past decade, epigenetic modifications have drawn more attention as they participate in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy despite tight control of glucose levels. The underlying mechanisms of epigenetic modifications in diabetic retinopathy still urgently need to be elucidated. The diabetic condition facilitates epigenetic changes and influences target gene expression. In this review, we summarize the involvement of epigenetic modifications and metabolic memory in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy and propose novel insights into the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

Automated summary

Epigenetics focuses on gene regulation mechanisms beyond the DNA sequence, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and noncoding RNAs. Recent studies have shown that despite tight control of glucose levels, epigenetic modifications play a role in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. However, the underlying mechanisms of these modifications are still not well understood.