The buildup of galaxies and their spheroids: The contributions of mergers, disc instabilities, and star formation

We use the GALFORM semi-analytical model of galaxy formation and the Planck-Millennium simulation to investigate the origins of stellar mass in galaxies and their spheroids. We compare the importance of mergers and disc instabilities, as well as the starbursts that they trigger. We find that the fraction of galaxy stellar mass formed ex situ (i.e. through mergers; f(ex)) increases sharply from M-* = 10(11) M-circle dot upwards, reaching 80 per cent at M-* = 10(11.3) M-circle dot. The massive end of the f(ex)-M-* relation does not evolve with redshift, in disagreement with other models. For low-mass galaxies we find larger ex situ contributions at z = 0 than in other models (7-12 per cent), with a decrease towards higher redshifts. Major mergers contribute roughly half of the ex situ mass, with minor mergers and smooth accretion of satellites both accounting for approximate to 25 per cent, almost independent of stellar mass and redshift. Mergers dominate in building up high-mass (M-*,M- sph > 10(11) M-circle dot) and low-mass (M-*,M- sph < 10(8.5) M-circle dot) spheroids. Disc instabilities and their associated starbursts dominate for intermediate-mass spheroids (10(8.5) < M-*,M- sph < 10(11) M-circle dot) at z = 0. The mass regime where pseudo-bulges dominate is in agreement with observed pseudo-bulge fractions, but the peak value in the pseudo-bulge fraction predicted by GALFORM is likely too high. Starbursts induced by disc instabilities are the dominant channel for spheroid growth at all redshifts, while merger-induced starbursts are relatively negligible, except at very high redshifts (z > 5).

Automated summary

We used the GALFORM semi-analytical model and the Planck-Millennium simulation to study the origins of stellar mass in galaxies and their spheroids. We found that the fraction of ex situ mass increases sharply with galaxy mass, reaching 80% at M-* = 10(11.3) M-circle dot. Major mergers contribute about half of the ex situ mass, while disc instabilities and their associated starbursts dominate for intermediate-mass spheroids at z=0. The predicted pseudo-bulge fraction by GALFORM may be too high, and merger-induced starbursts are negligible except at high redshifts.