Using shell models to investigate clumping in the WN4 star HD 50896

The spectra of Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars exhibit strong, broad emission lines that originate in the wind. These winds are radiatively driven and are susceptible to hydrodynamic instabilities that result in the formation of clumps. When modelling spectra of WR stars the volume-filling factor (VFF) approach is usually employed to treat clumpy winds. However, it is based on the assumption that the entire wind mass resides in optically thin clumps, which is not necessarily justifiable in dense winds. To test the validity of the VFF approach, we use a previously described method of treating clumping, the 'shell' approach, to study line and continuum formation in the dense wind of the WN4 star, HD 50896. Our models indicate that fully intact spherical shells are in tension with observed spectra; a persistent 'dip' in emission lines occurs at line centre. Removing this dip requires our models to use 'broken' shells - shells that are highly decoherent laterally. This insinuates that the wind of HD 50896, and by extension the winds of other WR stars, are comprised of small laterally confined and radially compressed clumps - clumps smaller than the Sobolev length. We discuss some of the conditions necessary for the VFF approach to be valid.

Automated summary

The spectra of Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars, caused by their radiatively driven winds, exhibit strong, broad emission lines originating from clumps formed by hydrodynamic instabilities. The volume-filling factor (VFF) approach, commonly used to model these spectra, assumes that the entire wind mass resides in optically thin clumps, which may not be valid in dense winds. To test this assumption, the 'shell' approach is applied to study line and continuum formation in the dense wind of the WN4 star, HD 50896. The results suggest that the wind of HD 50896, and possibly other WR stars, consist of small radially compressed and laterally confined clumps, indicating the need for 'broken' shells in modeling.