Correlation between detailed balance limit and actual environmental factors for perovskite/crystalline Si tandem solar cells with different structures

Detailed balance limits are estimated in perovskite/Si tandem solar cells with two-terminal (2T), four-terminal (4T), and series parallel tandem (SPT) configurations based on various environmental factors (average photon energy (APE), irradiance (Irr), and module temperature (Tmod)) in a year with data point numbers of 201,139. Bottom bandgap (Eg-bottom) of Si bottom subcell is fixed at 1.12 eV. Contour maps of conversion efficiency (eta) as functions of top bandgap (Eg-top) and environmental factors are consequently disclosed. Eg-top is optimized under standard test conditions at 1.73 eV for 2T, 1.82 eV for 4T, and 1.83 eV for SPT. These optimized Eg-top values are not varied under variations of Irr and Tmod. Furthermore, eta under increased APE is enhanced with enhanced optimized Eg-top proper for blue-rich spectrum. Ultimately, the contour maps of eta as functions of Eg-top and APE are beneficial for selections of proper Eg-top of the tandem solar cells for maximized eta, when actual outdoor APE is known.

Automated summary

This study estimates the detailed balance limits of perovskite/Si tandem solar cells based on various environmental factors. The contour maps of conversion efficiency as functions of top bandgap and environmental factors are revealed.