Modulation of mitochondria by viral proteins

Mitochondria are dynamic cellular organelles with diverse functions including energy production, calcium ho-meostasis, apoptosis, host innate immune signaling, and disease progression. Several viral proteins specifically target mitochondria to subvert host defense as mitochondria stand out as the most suitable target for the invading viruses. They have acquired the capability to control apoptosis, metabolic state, and evade immune responses in host cells, by targeting mitochondria. In this way, the viruses successfully allow the spread of viral progeny and thus the infection. Viruses employ their proteins to alter mitochondrial dynamics and their specific functions by a modulation of membrane potential, reactive oxygen species, calcium homeostasis, and mitochondrial bio-energetics to help them achieve a state of persistent infection. A better understanding of such viral proteins and their impact on mitochondrial forms and functions is the main focus of this review. We also attempt to emphasize the importance of exploring the role of mitochondria in the context of SARS-CoV2 pathogenesis and identify host-virus protein interactions.

Automated summary

Mitochondria are dynamic cellular organelles that play diverse roles in cellular functions. Viral proteins specifically target mitochondria to subvert host defense and facilitate viral infection. By manipulating mitochondrial dynamics and functions, viruses are able to control host cell apoptosis, metabolic state, and evade immune responses, ultimately achieving persistent infection.