Journal
JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Volume 105, Issue 6, Pages 1843-1850Publisher
WILEY-BLACKWELL
DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.03.037
Keywords
glycosaminoglycans; bioanalysis; processing; LC-MS; NMR spectroscopy; molecular weight determination; heparin; enoxaparin; bovine lung; porcine intestine
Funding
- National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) [2012CB822102]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [21472115, 21302113]
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Currently porcine intestine is the only approved source for producing pharmaceutical heparin in most countries. Enoxaparin, prepared by benzylation and alkaline depolymerization from porcine intestine heparin, is prevalent in the anticoagulant drug market. It is predicted that porcine intestine heparin-derived enoxaparin (PIE) will encounter shortage, and expanding its production from heparins obtained from other animal tissues may, therefore, be inevitable. Bovine lung heparin is a potential alternative source for producing enoxaparin. Critical processing parameters for producing bovine lung heparin-derived enoxaparin (BLE) are discussed. Three batches of BLEs were prepared and their detailed structures were compared with PIEs using modern analytical techniques, including disaccharide composition, intact chain mapping by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results suggested that the differences between PIEs and BLEs mainly result from N-acetylation differences derived from the parent heparins. In addition, bioactivities of BLEs were about 70% of PIEs based on anti-factor IIa and Xa chromogenic assays. We conclude that BLE has the potential to be developed as an analogue of PIE, although some challenges still remain. (C) 2016 American Pharmacists Association (R). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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