Increased Serum Total and Free 25-Hydroxyvitamin D with Daily Intake of Cholecalciferol-Fortified Skim Milk: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Colombian Adolescents

Background: The efficacy of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) food fortification in low-and middle-income countries near the Equator is unknown.Objectives: We examined the effects of providing cholecalciferol-fortified skim milk to adolescents and their mothers on serum total 25(OH)D, free 25(OH)D, and vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) concentrations in a randomized controlled trial.Methods: We randomly assigned 80 Colombian families each with a child aged 12-14.5 y and their mother 1 L of skim milk daily, either fortified with 2400 IU (60 mu g) cholecalciferol or unfortified, for 6 wk. We prescribed 500 mL of milk daily to adolescents; mothers consumed the remainder ad libitum. We estimated intent-to-treat effects as the between-arm difference in the change in serum total and free 25(OH)D and DBP concentrations from baseline to the end of follow-up. Secondary analyses included stratification by baseline characteristics and per -protocol comparisons.Results: Among adolescents, fortification effects (95% CI) on serum total 25(OH)D, free 25(OH)D, and DBP concentrations were 5.4 nmol/L (2.1, 8.8 nmol/L), 0.6 pmol/L (-0.2, 1.4 pmol/L), and -416 nmol/L (-944, 112 nmol/L), respectively. Effects on total 25(OH)D were stronger in adolescents with lower DBP concentrations, darker skin, less sunlight exposure, and higher compliance than in their respective counterparts. Fortification increased free 25(OH)D concentrations in high compliers. Among mothers, the effects (95% CI) on total 25(OH)D and DBP concentrations were 4.0 nmol/L (0.6, 7.5 nmol/L) and -128 nmol/L (-637, 381 nmol/L), respectively. There were no adverse events.Conclusions: Provision of cholecalciferol-fortified skim milk increases serum total 25(OH)D concentrations in Colombian adolescents and adult women.

Automated summary

This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of providing cholecalciferol-fortified skim milk to Colombian adolescents and adult women. The results demonstrated that the provision of fortified milk increased serum total 25(OH)D concentrations in both groups, with varying effects depending on individual characteristics.