Importance of Control Groups for Evaluating Long-Term Behavioral and Cognitive Outcomes of Controlled Cortical Impact in Immature Rats

Therapies are limited for pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), especially for the very young who can experience long-term consequences to learning, memory, and social behavior. Animal models of pediatric TBI have yielded mechanistic insights, but demonstration of clinically relevant long-term behavioral and/or cognitive deficits has been challenging. We characterized short- and long-term outcomes in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of pediatric TBI using a panel of tests between 2 weeks and similar to 4 months after injury. Male rats with CCI at postnatal Day (PND) 10 were compared with three control groups: Naive, Anesthesia, and Craniotomy. Motor testing (PND 25-33), novel object recognition (NOR; PND 4050), and multiple tasks in water maze (WM; PND 65-100) were followed by social interaction tests (PND 120-140). Anesthesia rats performed the same as Naive rats in all tasks. TBI rats, when compared with Naive controls, had functional impairments across most tests studied. The most sensitive cognitive processes affected by TBI included those that required fast one-trial learning (NOR, WM), flexibility of acquired memory traces (reversals in WM), response strategies (WM), or recognition memory in the setting of reciprocal social interactions. Both TBI and Craniotomy groups demonstrated increased rates of decision making across several WM tasks, suggesting disinhibition of motor responses. When the TBI group was compared with the Craniotomy group, however, deficits were detected in a limited number of outcomes. The latter included learning speed (WM), cognitive flexibility (WM), and social recognition memory. Notably, effects of craniotomy, when compared with Naive controls, spanned across multiple tasks, and in some tasks, could reach the effect sizes observed in TBI. These results highlight the importance of appropriate control groups in pediatric CCI models. In addition, the study demonstrates the high sensitivity of comprehensive cognitive testing to detect long-term effects of early-age craniotomy and TBI and provides a template for future testing of experimental therapies.

Automated summary

Therapies for pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), especially in young children, are limited and can result in long-term consequences. Animal models have provided insights into the mechanisms of pediatric TBI, but it is challenging to demonstrate clinically relevant long-term behavioral and cognitive deficits. This study used a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of pediatric TBI to assess short- and long-term outcomes through a series of tests. The results showed functional impairments in most tests for TBI rats compared to control groups, particularly in cognitive processes related to fast one-trial learning, memory flexibility, response strategies, and recognition memory in social interactions.