Spatiotemporal Developmental Gradient of Thalamic Morphology, Microstructure, and Connectivity from the Third Trimester to Early Infancy

Thalamus is a critical component of the limbic system that is extensively involved in both basic and high-order brain func-tions. However, how the thalamic structure and function develops at macroscopic and microscopic scales during the perinatal period development is not yet well characterized. Here, we used multishell high-angular resolution diffusion MRI of 144 pre-term-born and full-term infants in both sexes scanned at 32-44 postmenstrual weeks (PMWs) from the Developing Human Connectome Project database to investigate the thalamic development in morphology, microstructure, associated connectivity, and subnucleus division. We found evident anatomic expansion and linear increases of fiber integrity in the lateral side of thalamus compared with the medial part. The tractography results indicated that thalamic connection to the frontal cortex developed later than the other thalamocortical connections (parieto-occipital, motor, somatosensory, and temporal). Using a connectivity-based segmentation strategy, we revealed that functional partitions of thalamic subdivisions were formed at 32 PMWs or earlier, and the partition developed toward the adult pattern in a lateral-to-medial pattern. Collectively, these find-ings revealed faster development of the lateral thalamus than the central part as well as a posterior-to-anterior developmental gradient of thalamocortical connectivity from the third trimester to early infancy.

Automated summary

In this study, the development of the thalamus in pre-term and full-term infants was investigated using high-angular resolution diffusion MRI data. The results showed that the lateral thalamus exhibited greater expansion and fiber integrity compared to the medial part. The development of thalamic connections to the frontal cortex was found to be delayed compared to other thalamocortical connections, and functional partitions of thalamic subdivisions developed in a lateral-to-medial pattern. These findings provide insights into the developmental characteristics of the thalamus during the perinatal period.