Simple emulsion template method towards self-anticoagulant and high-efficiency carboxymethyl chitosan-based adsorbent for low-density lipoprotein from whole blood

In this study, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)-based double cross-linked network spheres, are con-structed by an emulsion template method. The first crosslinking network comes from the chelation between the CMCS and zinc ions, while the second one is based on the covalent crosslinking of 2-acryla mido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonicacid (AMPS); and the as-prepared spheres are termed as ECMCS@AMPSs. The emulsion template method endows the ECMCS@AMPSs with large pore area (58.3 m2/g) and ultra-high porosity (92.3 %). Thanks to the heparin-mimicking functional groups of - OH, -COO- and-SO3-, the ECMCS@AMPSs show excellent anticoagulant properties without the activation of the complement system, contact system and platelets. Compared with the spheres without emulsifi-cation, the porous structure of the ECMCS@AMPSs results in a 5.3-fold increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) adsorption capacity in hypercholesterolemia plasma. Most importantly, in vitro simulated hemop-erfusion experiment shows that the cumulative adsorption capacity of LDL by the ECMCS@AMPSs is as high as 41.66 mg/g in 1 h, which is approximately 4.2 times that of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). In conclusion, the ECMCS@AMPSs with self-anticoagulant and high-efficiency adsorption of LDL fabricated via simple emulsion template method have great clinical application prospects in the field of lipoprotein apheresis.(c) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

In this study, carboxymethyl chitosan-based double cross-linked network spheres are constructed using an emulsion template method. These spheres, called ECMCS@AMPSs, have a porous structure with a large pore area (58.3 m2/g) and ultra-high porosity (92.3%). They exhibit excellent anticoagulant properties and high adsorption capacity for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) without activating the complement system, contact system, and platelets. Moreover, the ECMCS@AMPSs show a significantly higher cumulative adsorption capacity for LDL compared to high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Overall, the ECMCS@AMPSs fabricated through the emulsion template method have promising clinical applications in lipoprotein apheresis.