Biomimetic gasotransmitter-releasing alginate beads for biocompatible antimicrobial therapy

Hypothesis: Alginate is widely used in biomedical applications due to its high biocompatibility as well as structural and mechanical similarities to human tissue. Further, simple ionic crosslinking of alginate allows for the formation of alginate beads capable of drug delivery. S-nitrosoglutathione is a water-soluble molecule that releases nitric oxide in physiological conditions, where it acts as a potent antimi-crobial gas, among other functions. As macrophages and endothelial cells endogenously produce nitric oxide, incorporating nitric oxide donors into polymers and hydrogels introduces a biomimetic approach to mitigate clinical infections, including those caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. The incor-poration of S-nitrosoglutathione into macro-scale spherical alginate beads is reported for the first time and shows exciting potential for biomedical applications.Experiments: Herein, nitric oxide-releasing crosslinked alginate beads were fabricated and character-ized for surface and cross-sectional morphology, water uptake, size distribution, and storage stability. In addition, the NO release was quantified by chemiluminescence and its biological effects against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. The biocom-patibility of the alginate beads was tested against 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells.Findings: Overall, nitric oxide-releasing alginate beads demonstrate biologically relevant activities without eliciting a cytotoxic response, revealing their potential use as an antimicrobial material with multiple mechanisms of bacterial killing.(c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc.

Automated summary

This study reports the fabrication and characterization of nitric oxide-releasing alginate beads, which demonstrate biologically relevant activities without eliciting a cytotoxic response, revealing their potential use as an antimicrobial material with multiple mechanisms of bacterial killing.