A Gadolinium-Based Magnetic Ionic Liquid for Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction of Ivermectin from Environmental Water

The recently introduced gadolinium-based magnetic ionic liquid (Gd-MIL) has been exploited as an extractant in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for preconcentration of ivermectin (IVR) from water samples followed by analysis using reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection at 245 nm. The utilized Gd-MIL extractant is hydrophobic with markedly high magnetic susceptibility. These features result in an efficient extraction of the lipophilic analyte and facilitate the phase separation under the influence of a strong magnetic field, thus promoting the method sensitivity and increasing the potential for automation. To maximize the IVR enrichment by DLLME, the procedure was optimized for extractant mass, dispersive solvent type/volume, salt addition and diluent pH. At optimized conditions, an enrichment factor approaching 70 was obtained with 4.0-mL sample sizes. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, specificity and limit of quantitation. The method was successfully applied to the determination of IVR in river water samples with a mean relative recovery of 97.3% at a spiked concentration of 400 ng/mL. Compared with other reported methods, this approach used a simpler procedure with improved precision, lower amounts of safer solvents and a short analysis time.

Automated summary

The recently introduced Gd-MIL has been used as an extractant in DLLME for preconcentation of IVR from water samples. The hydrophobic and magnetic properties of Gd-MIL allow efficient extraction and phase separation, promoting method sensitivity and potential for automation.