Regenerated silk fibroin loaded with natural additives: a sustainable approach towards health care

According to World Health Organization (WHO), on average, 0.5 Kg of hazardous waste is generated per bed every day in high-income countries. The adverse effects imposed by synthetic materials and chemicals on the environment and humankind have urged researchers to explore greener technologies and materials. Amidst of all the natural fibers, silk fibroin (SF), by virtue of its superior toughness (6 x 10(4) similar to 16 x 10(4) J/kg), tensile strength (47.2-67.7 MPa), tunable biodegradability, excellent Young's modulus (1.9-3.9 GPa), presence of functional groups, ease of processing, and biocompatibility has garnered an enormous amount of scientific interests. The use of silk fibroin conjoint with purely natural materials can be an excellent solution for the adverse effects of chemical-based treatment techniques. Considering this noteworthiness, vigorous research is going on in silk-based biomaterials, and it is opening up new vistas of opportunities. This review enswathes the structural aspects of silk fibroin along with its potency to form composites with other natural materials, such as curcumin, keratin, alginate, hydroxyapatite, hyaluronic acid, and cellulose, that can replace the conventionally used synthetic materials, providing a sustainable pathway to biomedical engineering. It was observed that a large amount of polar functional moieties present on the silk fibroin surface enables them to compatibilize easily with the natural additives. The conjunction of silk with natural additives initiates synergistic interactions that mitigate the limitations offered by individual units as well as enhance the applicability of materials. Further the current status and challenges in the commercialization of silk-based biomedical devices are discussed.

Automated summary

According to the World Health Organization, high-income countries generate an average of 0.5 kg of hazardous waste per bed every day. In order to reduce the adverse effects of synthetic materials and chemicals, researchers have been exploring greener technologies and materials. Silk fibroin has attracted significant scientific interest due to its superior toughness, tensile strength, biodegradability, Young's modulus, functional groups, ease of processing, and biocompatibility. Combining silk fibroin with natural materials can provide a sustainable solution to the problems caused by chemical-based treatment techniques. This review discusses the structural aspects of silk fibroin and its ability to form composites with other natural materials, such as curcumin, keratin, alginate, hydroxyapatite, hyaluronic acid, and cellulose, which can replace synthetic materials and contribute to biomedical engineering.