Prediction of habitat suitability, connectivity, and corridors in the future to conserve roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) as a locally endangered species in northern Iran

Roe deer is a protected species in Iran as its population and distribution in the country have considerably declined. Roe deer are threatened by several factors such as habitat fragmentation and road mortality, so studying their distribution and movement through the increasing habitat destruction and fragmentation is necessary. This will become increasingly important because climate change will transform the species' future habitat and connectivity patterns. We evaluated the roe deer's potential distribution range in northern Iran and, for the first time, developed connectivity models and designed corridors for the present and future to make better conservation plans. We collected 91 points indicating the presence of roe deer in the study region. After developing ensemble models using six species distribution algorithms, we defined high-ranked habitat cores using the concept of landscape suitability prioritization. From these, we designed connectivity and corridors in two time-frames with the help of least-cost paths and circuit theories to predict the potential movement throughout the study area. We estimated that the overall core habitats for roe deer in the present and future periods are, respectively, around 1200 km2 and 2600 km2, corresponding to 2 and 4 percent of the whole area. This suggests that the habitat core will expand in the future as a result of climate change. Similarly, the con-nectivity among the cores will strengthen. We also conclude that the temperature-driven and anthropogenic variables significantly affect the distribution of roe deer in northern Iran. It is necessary that conservationists and managers consider the designed corridors in the present study while planning conservation strategies.

Automated summary

Roe deer population in Iran has significantly declined, making it a protected species with threats such as habitat fragmentation and road mortality. Studying their distribution and movement is necessary due to increasing habitat destruction and climate change impacts. This study evaluates the potential distribution range of roe deer, develops connectivity models, and designs future corridors to aid in conservation planning. Results show expansion of habitat core and strengthened connectivity due to climate change and suggest the significance of temperature-driven and anthropogenic variables in roe deer distribution.