Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanisms of Tolerance to High Concentrations of Calcium Chloride Stress in Parachlorella kessleri

Salt stress is one of the abiotic stress factors that affect the normal growth and development of higher plants and algae. However, few research studies have focused on calcium stress, especially in algae. In this study, the mechanism of tolerance to high calcium stress of a Parachlorella kessleri strain was explored by the method of transcriptomics combined with physiological and morphological analysis. Concentrations of CaCl2 100 times (3.6 g/L) and 1000 times (36 g/L) greater than the standard culture were set up as stresses. The results revealed the algae could cope with high calcium stress mainly by strengthening photosynthesis, regulating osmotic pressure, and inducing antioxidant defense. Under the stress of 3.6 g/L CaCl2, the algae grew well with normal cell morphology. Although the chlorophyll content was significantly reduced, the photosynthetic efficiency was well maintained by up-regulating the expression of some photosynthesis-related genes. The cells reduced oxidative damage by inducing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and selenoprotein synthesis. A large number of free amino acids were produced to regulate the osmotic potential. When in higher CaCl2 stress of 36 g/L, the growth and chlorophyll content of algae were significantly inhibited. However, the algae still slowly grew and maintained the same photosynthetic efficiency, which resulted from significant up-regulation of massive photosynthesis genes. Antioxidant enzymes and glycerol were found to resist oxidative damage and osmotic stress, respectively. This study supplied algal research on CaCl2 stress and provided supporting data for further explaining the mechanism of plant salt tolerance.

Automated summary

This study explores the tolerance mechanism of a Parachlorella kessleri strain to high calcium stress using transcriptomics, physiological, and morphological analysis. The algae cope with high calcium stress by strengthening photosynthesis, regulating osmotic pressure, and inducing antioxidant defense. Under 3.6 g/L CaCl2 stress, the algae grow well with normal cell morphology and maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Under higher stress of 36 g/L CaCl2, the growth and chlorophyll content are significantly inhibited, but the algae still slowly grow and maintain the same photosynthetic efficiency.