A potential vorticity budget view of the atmospheric circulation climatology over the Tibetan Plateau

To aid the understanding of atmospheric circulation climatology over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), this study investigated the comprehensive potential vorticity (PV) budget over the TP using model-level reanalysis data. Our findings demonstrate the effects of diabatic heating, friction, gravity wave drag, advection, and convection in determining circulation over the TP, from the PV budget perspective. In summer, the diabatic heating-generated positive (negative) PV tendency facilitates cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation near the surface (in the middle troposphere). Low PV in the upper troposphere, pertaining to the Asian monsoon anticyclone and monsoonal overturning circulation is induced by the upward transportation of diabatic heating-generated low PV in the middle troposphere. Horizontal advection further spreads the low PV-that is vertically inputted from the middle troposphere-to a wide area around the TP in the upper troposphere. In winter, the diabatic heating-generated positive PV near the surface is balanced by the sinking motion-carried low PV. In addition, gravity wave drag-generated PV is prominent in the upper troposphere in winter and can affect the downstream climate through advection. We further revealed the crucial role of the diurnal cycle in shaping the near-surface cyclonic circulation in summer by regulating the vertical structure of diabatic heating.

Automated summary

This study investigates the comprehensive potential vorticity (PV) budget over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and reveals the important role of diabatic heating, friction, gravity wave drag, advection, and convection in determining the circulation patterns over the TP. Diabatic heating generates positive and negative PV tendencies in summer, leading to cyclonic and anticyclonic circulation near the surface and the middle troposphere. The upward transportation of diabatic heating-generated low PV in the middle troposphere induces low PV in the upper troposphere, which is associated with the Asian monsoon anticyclone and monsoonal overturning circulation. Horizontal advection further spreads the low PV from the middle troposphere to a wide area around the TP in the upper troposphere. In winter, the diabatic heating-generated positive PV near the surface is balanced by sinking motion-carried low PV. Additionally, gravity wave drag-generated PV plays a significant role in the upper troposphere in winter and can impact downstream climate through advection. The diurnal cycle plays a crucial role in shaping the near-surface cyclonic circulation in summer by regulating the vertical structure of diabatic heating.