COVID-19 vaccines adverse events: potential molecular mechanisms

Letter Hematology

The impact of COVID-19 vaccination on patients with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Uzma Faruqi et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY (2022)

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Article Rheumatology

COVID-19 vaccination can occasionally trigger autoimmune phenomena, probably via inducing age-associated B cells

Athanasios Sachinidis et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES (2022)

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Letter Pharmacology & Pharmacy

A case report of vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome after Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Janssen/Johnson & Johnson)

Maxime Castan et al.

THERAPIE (2022)

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Article Biology

Vaccine-induced COVID-19 mimicry syndrome

Eric Kowarz et al.

Summary: A global vaccination campaign is underway to immunize billions of people against the COVID-19 pandemic. However, rare cases of severe side effects, such as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), have been reported after vaccination with adenoviral vector-based vaccines. These events have not been observed with mRNA-based vaccines. Scientists have proposed a mechanism called vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) and discovered that DNA-encoded Spike protein can be spliced in a way that leads to the secretion of potentially harmful Spike variants. Avoiding such splicing events is important for the safety of future vaccines.

ELIFE (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

mRNA Therapeutic Modalities Design, Formulation and Manufacturing under Pharma 4.0 Principles

Andreas Ouranidis et al.

Summary: mRNA therapeutics, particularly mRNA vaccines, have become a prominent weapon in the fight against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Their advantages include rapid production cycle, flexibility in target selection, avoidance of safety issues posed by DNA therapeutics, and precise control over translated peptides. However, the global demand for mRNA has also revealed shortcomings in industrial production, formulation, efficacy, and applicability, which require continuous research and improvement.

BIOMEDICINES (2022)

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Review Virology

SARS-CoV-2 variants and vulnerability at the global level

Vivek P. Chavda et al.

Summary: Numerous variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged, with increased transmission, severe illness, evasive immunological features, decreased neutralization by antibodies, and higher susceptibility to reinfection. The CDC has categorized these variants into variants of interest, variants of concern, and variants of high consequence. This review article summarizes the various variants, particularly the globally spreading variants of concern, and their impact on the virus properties.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

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Article Surgery

Three cases of acute venous thromboembolism in females after vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019

Elizabeth A. Andraska et al.

Summary: Since December 2020, four vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have been developed, with three approved for immediate use in the United States. Thrombotic complications have been reported after vaccination, especially with viral vector vaccines.

JOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY-VENOUS AND LYMPHATIC DISORDERS (2022)

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Review Biology

A comprehensive review on Covid-19 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant

R. Manjunath et al.

Summary: This article discusses various variants of SARS-COV-19, including the newly discovered Omicron variant, its origin, characteristics, mutations, and differences from the Delta variant.

SAUDI JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2022)

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Review Immunology

Fast-track development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: The shots that saved the world

Vivek P. P. Chavda et al.

Summary: The outbreak of the novel coronavirus led to a global pandemic, putting a heavy burden on the global health system. To prevent the spread and reduce deaths, worldwide efforts were made to fast-track the development and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, despite uncertainties caused by new variants.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: recent progress and future perspectives

Yao Fan et al.

Summary: Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has emerged as the most mutated and concerning variant. It has shown high transmissibility and immune evasion abilities, rapidly replacing the Delta variant in several regions. However, recent studies suggest that Omicron has reduced pathogenicity and significant resistance to vaccines and antibody therapies. This review summarizes the molecular and clinical characteristics of Omicron, discusses potential therapeutic approaches, and highlights strategies for ending the pandemic.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2022)

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Article Allergy

Heritable risk for severe anaphylaxis associated with increased α-tryptase-encoding germline copy number at TPSAB1

Jonathan J. Lyons et al.

Summary: This study revealed that genotypes have a significant impact on the severity of anaphylaxis in humans, particularly in association with H alpha T. The prevalence of H alpha T was higher in healthy individuals and controls with nonatopic disease, and it was particularly prominent in systemic mastocytosis and idiopathic anaphylaxis, suggesting it as a potential risk factor for severe allergic reactions.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Post-COVID-19 vaccine acute hyperactive encephalopathy with dramatic response to methylprednisolone: A case report

Abdulrahman F. Al-Mashdali et al.

Summary: A case of acute encephalopathy after receiving the COVID-19 Moderna vaccine was reported, with neurological symptoms appearing shortly after vaccination and significant improvement after treatment with methylprednisolone.

ANNALS OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Guillain-Barre syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination

Norma McKean et al.

Summary: The correlation between COVID-19 infection/vaccination and GBS remains unclear, requiring ongoing assessment of risks. The specific presentation of bifacial weakness as a symptom of GBS may be related to COVID-19 vaccination.

BMJ CASE REPORTS (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

COVID-19 vaccines: where we stand and challenges ahead

Guido Forni et al.

Summary: The development of vaccines has made significant progress, but still faces various challenges, including different target populations, immunological adaptability of vaccines, and production and distribution issues. To ensure equitable access, protection of diverse subjects, and immunity against viral variants, multiple vaccines may be needed in the long run.

CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION (2021)

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Article Hematology

Insights in ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia

Andreas Greinacher et al.

Summary: The mechanism underlying vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) primarily involves the formation of PF4/vaccine complexes and the proinflammatory environment stimulated by the vaccine, leading to the production of high-titer anti-PF4 antibodies in the body and consequent thrombosis.

BLOOD (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The structural basis of accelerated host cell entry by SARS-CoV-2†

Murat Seyran et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 utilizes its S protein to rapidly enter cells, sliding quickly with the flat sialic acid-binding domain in the N-terminal domain interacting with the epithelial layer, and entering via the ACE-2 receptor. The binding between viral RBD and ACE-2 may be optimal, and protein enzymes can accelerate cell entry by SARS-CoV-2.

FEBS JOURNAL (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Allergic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine

Tom Shimabukuro et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Allergy

Mutation in KARS: A novel mechanism for severe anaphylaxis

Pau Ribo et al.

Summary: This study investigates a patient with a mutation in the KARS gene, which encodes LysRS, leading to abnormal function in mast cell activation. Through biochemical, functional, and structural analyses, the study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying severe anaphylaxis.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

WITHDRAWN: A Report on Myocarditis Adverse Events in the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) in Association with COVID-19 Injectable Biological Products

Jessica Rose et al.

CURRENT PROBLEMS IN CARDIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Sex-related susceptibility in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Proposed mechanisms

Zinnet Sevval Aksoyalp et al.

Summary: Sex differences play a significant role in the incidence, severity, and mortality of COVID-19, with males being more affected. Genetic, hormonal, and immunological factors contribute to this disparity, highlighting the need for sex-specific analyses and treatments in COVID-19 research.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Interim Results of a Phase 1-2a Trial of Ad26.COV2.S Covid-19 Vaccine

J. Sadoff et al.

Summary: The study conducted a multicenter, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2a trial, with participants randomly assigned to receive the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. The results showed that the safety and immunogenicity profiles of the vaccine support further development.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Immunology

A focused review on technologies, mechanisms, safety, and efficacy of available COVID-19 vaccines

Parisa Ghasemiyeh et al.

Summary: It has been 20 months since the detection of COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, China, which rapidly spread worldwide and led to a pandemic. Different therapeutic options have been considered, but challenges remain in treating moderate to severe cases and those with underlying conditions. Public vaccination is believed to be the most efficient strategy to control morbidity and mortality.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Platforms Exploited for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development

Shilu Mathew et al.

Summary: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic, with no approved medicine or vaccine for prevention or treatment. Scientific and medical communities are developing vaccines to limit the spread of the virus. This review summarizes the lead candidates in clinical trials and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of current vaccine platforms.

VACCINES (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Non-viral COVID-19 vaccine delivery systems

Kyung Soo Park et al.

Summary: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread worldwide, causing millions of cases and over a million deaths. Various types of vaccines, including traditional and advanced DNA and mRNA vaccines, are being developed. The efficacy and duration of protection of these vaccines depend on factors such as antigen design and delivery strategies, and further research is needed.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7

Pengfei Wang et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has had global repercussions, with promising vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies. However, newly detected variants of SARS-CoV-2 present challenges to these treatment options.

NATURE (2021)

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Review Rheumatology

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and autoimmune diseases amidst the COVID-19 crisis

Tsvetelina Velikova et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a challenge even to the most resilient healthcare systems. Vaccination offers hope for ending the pandemic by achieving herd immunity, but there is uncertainty about the safety and effectiveness of the new vaccines for patients with autoimmune inflammatory diseases. High-quality clinical trials are needed to clarify the immunological mechanisms of these vaccines in AIID patients.

RHEUMATOLOGY INTERNATIONAL (2021)

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Review Immunology

Allergic Reactions to Current Available COVID-19 Vaccinations: Pathophysiology, Causality, and Therapeutic Considerations

Nicholas G. Kounis et al.

Summary: Vaccines are highly effective in public health, but can trigger allergic reactions, particularly severe ones that activate mast cells and lead to anaphylactic shock. Allergic reactions to vaccines are typically caused by excipients rather than the active vaccine itself.

VACCINES (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and myocarditis or myopericarditis: population based cohort study

Anders Husby et al.

Summary: This study investigated the association between SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and myocarditis or myopericarditis, finding an increased risk of developing these conditions within 0-28 days post-vaccination, especially among individuals aged 12-39 and males.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

The potential neurological effect of the COVID-19 vaccines: A review

Lu Lu et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has prompted the development of various types of vaccines, with nucleic acid vaccines being a next-generation platform. Despite concerns about adverse effects, current evidence suggests a minor risk of neurological disorders from these vaccines. Long-term effects still require further observation.

ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA (2021)

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Review Allergy

Vaccines and Allergic reactions: The past, the current COVID-19 pandemic, and future perspectives

Vanitha Sampath et al.

Summary: Vaccines are crucial tools in public health, with the COVID-19 vaccines expected to have a positive impact globally. While serious allergic reactions are rare, it is important to consider their mechanisms, clinical implications, and potential causes, as well as to review implications for individual diagnosis, management, and vaccine manufacturing for future research.

ALLERGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination-A report of two UK cases

Puja R. Mehta et al.

Summary: Recent reports have highlighted rare cases of CVST and thrombocytopenia following Vaxzevria vaccination. An immunological mechanism similar to HIT, but without prior heparin exposure, is suspected. Management of such cases involves PF4 antibody testing and treatment similar to HIT.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2021)

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Review Allergy

Adverse reactions to COVID-19 vaccines: A practical approach

Krzysztof Rutkowski et al.

Summary: COVID-19 vaccines can reduce severity of infection and prevent deaths, but limited data on triggers and mechanisms of anaphylaxis exist. Therefore, we propose an innovative allergy support model and practical investigation algorithm for anaphylaxis to these vaccines.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Lights and shadows

Fabio Angeli et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 vaccines can elicit immune responses but concerns about cardiovascular adverse reactions have been raised. Vaccines can increase Spike protein synthesis and immune responses, with genetic and immunological factors possibly impacting reactions.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Allergy

Potential mechanisms of anaphylaxis to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines

Kimberly A. Risma et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the rapid production of messenger RNA vaccines packaged in lipid nanoparticles, resulting in unexpectedly severe allergic reactions. Various factors have been considered as possible contributors to these reactions, including nucleic acid activation of the contact system and preexisting antibody recognition of polyethylene glycol on the nanoparticle surface. Further research and clinical trials are needed to address concerns and determine the applicability of testing methods in predicting and understanding vaccine-related allergic reactions.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Mechanisms of Immunothrombosis in Vaccine-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia (VITT) Compared to Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Dennis McGonagle et al.

Summary: The study explores the involvement of venous immunothrombotic mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2 infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccination. It suggests that both SARS-CoV-2 infection and DNA vaccines may activate immune responses leading to autoimmunity and thrombosis, particularly in the venous system.

JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY (2021)

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Letter Hematology

Post-adenoviral-based COVID-19 vaccines thrombosis: A proposed mechanism

Kamran Kadkhoda

JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Pathologic Antibodies to Platelet Factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination

Marie Scully et al.

Summary: 23 cases of thrombotic thrombocytopenia were reported after receiving the AstraZeneca vaccine, incited by antibodies to platelet factor 4 and unrelated to heparin therapy. Avoidance of platelet transfusion and consideration of nonheparin anticoagulant and intravenous immune globulin are recommended for treatment.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination

Nina H. Schultz et al.

Summary: This study reports five cases of venous thrombosis and thrombocytopenia occurring 7 to 10 days after receiving the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, suggesting a rare vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. The condition, which can lead to catastrophic outcomes such as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, may be treated with intravenous immune globulin.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination

Andreas Greinacher et al.

Summary: After vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19, rare immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia can occur due to platelet-activating antibodies against PF4, resulting in various thrombotic events. Most patients in this case series were women, with fatal outcomes such as cerebral venous thrombosis and intracranial hemorrhage. Additional studies are needed to further investigate and understand this phenomenon.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Type I interferons as the potential mechanism linking mRNA COVID-19 vaccines to Bell's palsy

Thomas Soeiro et al.

THERAPIE (2021)

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Letter Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Atypical thrombosis associated with VaxZevria® (AstraZeneca) vaccine: Data from the French Network of Regional Pharmacovigilance Centres

Valerie Gras-Champel et al.

THERAPIE (2021)

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Letter Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Thrombotic events after AstraZeneca vaccine: What if it was related to dysfunctional immune response?

Eric Billy et al.

THERAPIE (2021)

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Article Dermatology

Delayed Localized Hypersensitivity Reactions to the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine A Case Series

Margaret S. Johnston et al.

Summary: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna received emergency use authorization in the US. This study focused on localized cutaneous reactions to the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, finding them to be delayed hypersensitivity reactions that are self-limited and not associated with serious adverse effects. Most patients who had a reaction to the first vaccine dose also developed a similar reaction to the second dose, typically sooner. The reactions, dubbed COVID arm, are not a contraindication to subsequent vaccination.

JAMA DERMATOLOGY (2021)

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Review Allergy

Allergy to COVID-19 vaccines: A current update

Beatriz Cabanillas et al.

Summary: This passage discusses adverse allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines, with a focus on anaphylactic reactions following the administration of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 vaccines. It emphasizes the importance of avoiding vaccination for individuals with allergies to drugs or vaccine components.

ALLERGOLOGY INTERNATIONAL (2021)

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Review Immunology

Acute Transverse Myelitis (ATM):Clinical Review of 43 Patients With COVID-19-Associated ATM and 3 Post-Vaccination ATM Serious Adverse Events With the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine (AZD1222)

Gustavo C. Roman et al.

Summary: Acute transverse myelitis has been unexpectedly found to be a frequent neurological complication of COVID-19, with symptoms including paralysis, sensory deficits, and sphincter dysfunction. The pathogenesis remains unknown, but it is hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 antigens may induce immune mechanisms leading to myelitis.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Immune-Mediated Disease Flares or New-Onset Disease in 27 Subjects Following mRNA/DNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination

Abdulla Watad et al.

Summary: Although temporally-associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, new-onset or flare of immune-mediated diseases (IMDs) appear rare. Most cases are of moderate severity and responsive to therapy, although some severe flares occurred.

VACCINES (2021)

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Letter Allergy

Other excipients than PEG might cause serious hypersensitivity reactions in COVID-19 vaccines

Sander D. Borgsteede et al.

ALLERGY (2021)

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Letter Allergy

COVID-19 vaccine anaphylaxis: PEG or not?

Matthew S. Krantz et al.

ALLERGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Autoimmunity roots of the thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination

Fatma Elrashdy et al.

Summary: Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) can be triggered by certain types of vaccines, with the main pathogenic mechanisms still unclear but likely involving interactions between host and vaccine factors, with some of the pathology related to the vaccine-triggered autoimmune reaction.

AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Perimyocarditis following first dose of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 (Moderna) vaccine in a healthy young male: a case report

Ammar A. Hasnie et al.

Summary: The case report describes a 22-year-old Caucasian male who developed perimyocarditis after receiving the Moderna vaccine, emphasizing the importance for clinicians to be aware of this rare but significant adverse event.

BMC CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Evaluation of the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines: a rapid review

Qianhui Wu et al.

Summary: Meta-analysis of safety profiles of COVID-19 vaccines showed that different platforms of vaccines have different safety outcomes, with age groups of vaccine recipients also playing a role in safety profiles. Long-term population-level surveillance is needed to further define the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines.

BMC MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Myocarditis With COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines

Biykem Bozkurt et al.

Summary: Myocarditis is a rare complication of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, predominantly affecting young adult and adolescent males, with most patients showing improvement in symptoms. Possible mechanisms include molecular mimicry between viral proteins and self-antigens, dysregulated immune pathways, immune response to mRNA, and dysregulated cytokine expression.

CIRCULATION (2021)

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Review Allergy

Vaccine allergy: evidence to consider for COVID-19 vaccines

Lennart Nilsson et al.

Summary: Severe allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines, possibly related to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and its derivatives, have been observed, prompting suggestions to diagnose allergies through skin tests before vaccination. Further research is needed to understand the immunological mechanisms behind these allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines.

CURRENT OPINION IN ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Hematology

Interactions of adenoviruses with platelets immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome

Paolo Gresele et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on global health and economy, with vaccination being the primary method of controlling infection. Unexpected thrombotic events have occurred in individuals who received the AstraZeneca or Johnson&Johnson adenovirus vector-based vaccines during the vaccination campaign. Studies suggest that an acute immunological reaction, potentially triggered by platelet activation, may be responsible for the novel syndrome of vaccine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenia.

HAEMATOLOGICA (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

A case of reactivation of varicella-zoster virus after BNT162b2 vaccine second dose?

Luca Spiro Santovito et al.

Summary: This case report describes the first instance of varicella-zoster virus reactivation in a healthy young male following Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine administration, without underlying conditions. The mechanisms of varicella-zoster virus reactivation in patients with COVID-19 remain unknown and warrant further investigation.

INFLAMMATION RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Immunology

New-onset refractory status epilepticus following the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine

Yasser Aladdin et al.

Summary: COVID-19 vaccines may potentially lead to rare neurological side effects, such as new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE), highlighting the need for healthcare providers to be vigilant about the possibility of post-vaccination epilepsy and take prompt measures for treatment. Further research is required to investigate the exact underlying mechanism at a more molecular level.

JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis after BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

Leonor Dias et al.

Summary: Concerns have been raised about venous thromboembolism, specifically cerebral venous thrombosis, following the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. While cases of cerebral venous thrombosis have been reported after viral vector vaccine administration, two cases of cerebral venous thrombosis following mRNA vaccine administration did not exhibit thrombocytopenia or anti platelet antibodies. This suggests that the pathophysiology of these cases may not differ significantly from cerebral venous thrombosis not associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES (2021)

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Article Hematology

To clot or not to clot? Ad is the question-Insights on mechanisms related to vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia

Maha Othman et al.

Summary: VITT is a rare complication induced by COVID-19 vaccines, characterized by thrombosis and thrombocytopenia. There have been 467 reported cases of VITT globally, with the pathogenic mechanism yet to be fully elucidated. Further research is needed to solidify a pathogenic model for this condition.

JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Setting

Noam Barda et al.

Summary: The study found that after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine, most adverse events were not associated with an increased risk, although there was a slight increase in the risk of myocarditis. On the other hand, infection with the Covid-19 virus significantly increased the risk of many serious adverse events.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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News Item Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19: Regulators warn that rare Guillain-Barre cases may link to J&J and AstraZeneca vaccines

Owen Dyer

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Thrombotic thrombocytopenia associated with COVID-19 infection or vaccination: Possible paths to platelet factor 4 autoimmunity

Michel Goldman et al.

PLOS MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Mathematical & Computational Biology

Are the Allergic Reactions of COVID-19 Vaccines Caused by mRNA Constructs or Nanocarriers? Immunological Insights

Gurudeeban Selvaraj et al.

Summary: FDA has authorized BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines for emergency use against COVID-19, but severe allergic reactions have been reported during vaccination, leading to exploration of potential causes of anaphylaxis following vaccination.

INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES-COMPUTATIONAL LIFE SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Otorhinolaryngology

Association of COVID-19 Vaccination and Facial Nerve Palsy A Case-Control Study

Asaf Shemer et al.

Summary: This case-control study found no association between recent vaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine and the risk of facial nerve palsy. The analysis of data from previous years also showed a relatively stable trend in the number of admissions for facial nerve palsy patients.

JAMA OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD & NECK SURGERY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Pathogenic Mechanisms of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia in People Receiving Anti-COVID-19 Adenoviral-Based Vaccines: A Proposal

Bruno Azzarone et al.

Summary: VITT is a rare life-threatening syndrome characterized by thrombotic symptoms and thrombocytopenia, potentially associated with the administration of AVV anti-Covid19 vaccines.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Use of COVID-19 Vaccines After Reports of Adverse Events Among Adult Recipients of Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna): Update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, July 2021

Hannah G. Rosenblum et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2021)

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Review Immunology

Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action

Franz X. Heinz et al.

Summary: COVID-19 vaccines have been rapidly developed using different technologies, including mRNA, adenoviral vectors, and inactivated vaccines. They all rely on the viral spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to induce neutralizing antibodies, but the presentation of this key antigen to the immune system varies between different vaccine categories.

NPJ VACCINES (2021)

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Review Immunology

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 Vaccination: In Search of the Underlying Mechanism

Piotr Rzymski et al.

Summary: The rollout of COVID-19 vaccines brings hope for controlling the pandemic, but some vaccines may lead to rare thrombotic events during post-authorization use. The exact causes of these adverse reactions remain unclear, investigations and research are ongoing.

VACCINES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Acute Transverse Myelitis Following COVID-19 Vaccination

Jhih-Jian Gao et al.

Summary: Concerns have been raised over adverse reactions following COVID-19 vaccination, including transverse myelitis. Current research suggests that these reactions may be related to autoimmune responses.

VACCINES (2021)

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Review Immunology

Safety and Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Different Vaccines at Phase 3

Yu-Jing Fan et al.

Summary: This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, finding that mRNA vaccines were more associated with serious adverse events, while two doses of mRNA vaccines were most effective in reducing the risk of SARS-COV-2 infection. All vaccines were effective in reducing the risk of severe infection.

VACCINES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Pseudo-Anaphylactic Reactions to Pfizer BNT162b2 Vaccine: Report of 3 Cases of Anaphylaxis Post Pfizer BNT162b2 Vaccination

Xin Rong Lim et al.

Summary: Anaphylactic reactions following Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccination in three patients were found to be driven by complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CAPRA), rather than classical IgE-mediated mechanisms, as indicated by elevated levels of anti-Polyethylene glycol (PEG) IgG and IgM antibodies.

VACCINES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

COVID-19 Vaccines and Thrombosis-Roadblock or Dead-End Street?

Kenneth Lundstrom et al.

Summary: The European Medicines Agency has approved four different types of COVID-19 vaccines, which play an important role in preventing COVID-19. However, in some individuals, adverse reactions such as thrombosis with associated thrombocytopenia may occur. These events may be related to interactions between viral proteins and receptors, viral vector interactions with antibodies, and individual immune mechanisms, especially requiring validation in risk groups.

BIOMOLECULES (2021)

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Article Hematology

A case of thrombocytopenia and multiple thromboses after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 against SARS-CoV-2

Anne Louise Tolboll Sorensen et al.

Summary: A 30-year-old woman developed multiple thromboses and thrombocytopenia after receiving the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine, with heterozygosity for the prothrombin mutation as a predisposing factor. The occurrence of these complications may be linked to autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, highlighting the importance of clinical awareness and further research on vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.

BLOOD ADVANCES (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Isolated Tachycardia Presenting After Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccination

Charles Tate et al.

Summary: A 29-year-old woman presented with palpitations and rapid heart rate after receiving her second COVID-19 vaccination. This case, the first reported, resolved within 24 hours without any other symptoms, suggesting a benign and transient reaction to the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine.

CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Acute myocarditis associated with anti-COVID-19 vaccination

Alon Nevet

Summary: Novel anti-coronavirus disease 2019 mRNA vaccines are being rapidly distributed worldwide, raising concerns about potential life-threatening adverse reactions. Three young male patients developed acute myocarditis shortly after receiving the second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine, a rare occurrence not previously reported with adjuvant-free vaccines. Timely diagnosis and treatment of auto-inflammatory vaccine-related complications are crucial, and further research is needed to understand the significance and underlying molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VACCINE RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Case of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Secondary to the Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccine

Sujana Reddy et al.

Summary: POTS, triggered by various factors, including vaccines, is a condition impacting the autonomic nervous system. This case study highlights a potential connection between mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and POTS, requiring further investigation for confirmation.

CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Immunology

A rare case of shingles after COVID-19 vaccine: is it a possible adverse effect?

Saliha Busra Aksu et al.

Summary: This report presents an unusual case of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation in a 68-year-old male patient who was vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine. COVID-19 may decrease cell-mediated immunity, increasing the risk of herpes zoster (HZ) reactivation. Further epidemiological studies are needed to clarify the possible link between vaccination and herpesvirus infections reactivation.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VACCINE RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Immunology

A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments

Andrew J. Pollard et al.

Summary: Immunization is vital for public health policy and there are challenges ahead for immunologists in developing new vaccines. Although immunology has not contributed significantly to vaccine development so far, a better understanding of protective immunity is urgently needed to tackle difficult-to-target pathogens.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Editorial Material Critical Care Medicine

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target

Haibo Zhang et al.

INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE (2020)

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Letter Immunology

Could Sars-coronavirus-2 trigger autoimmune and/or autoinflammatory mechanisms in genetically predisposed subjects?

Francesco Caso et al.

AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS (2020)

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Letter Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2

Liang Chen et al.

CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH (2020)

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Review Immunology

Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: Neutrophil extracellular traps

Betsy J. Barnes et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Letter Allergy

Polyethylene glycol may be the major allergen in depot medroxyprogesterone acetate

Ing N. Lu et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE (2020)

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Review Allergy

The impact of psychological stress on mast cells

Theoharis C. Theoharides

ANNALS OF ALLERGY ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Letter Immunology

Potential antigenic cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and human tissue with a possible link to an increase in autoimmune diseases

Aristo Vojdani et al.

CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

COVID-19 cardiac injury: Implications for long-term surveillance and outcomes in survivors

Raul D. Mitrani et al.

HEART RHYTHM (2020)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Do Vaccines Have a Role as a Cause of Autoimmune Neurological Syndromes?

Nicola Principi et al.

FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A perspective on potential antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2

Ann M. Arvin et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2-Preliminary Report

L. A. Jackson et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Pathological features of COVID-19-associated myocardial injury: a multicentre cardiovascular pathology study

Cristina Basso et al.

EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL (2020)

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Review Virology

COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report

Simran Preet Kaur et al.

VIRUS RESEARCH (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Extracellular RNA as a Versatile DAMP and Alarm Signal That Influences Leukocyte Recruitment in Inflammation and Infection

Klaus T. Preissner et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Neutrophil activation and NETosis are the major drivers of thrombosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Jose Perdomo et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

CXCL4 assembles DNA into liquid crystalline complexes to amplify TLR9-mediated interferon-α production in systemic sclerosis

Roberto Lande et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

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Review Allergy

Estrogen and estrogen receptor signaling promotes allergic immune responses: Effects on immune cells, cytokines, and inflammatory factors involved in allergy

Z. Fan et al.

ALLERGOLOGIA ET IMMUNOPATHOLOGIA (2019)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Immune-mediated adverse reactions to vaccines

Cosby A. Stone et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Human adenovirus type 26 uses sialic acid-bearing glycans as a primary cell entry receptor

Alexander T. Baker et al.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2019)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: clinical presentation, aetiology and management

A. Fedorowski

JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Pharmacovigilance - The next chapter

Nicholas Moore et al.

THERAPIE (2019)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

mRNA vaccines - a new era in vaccinology

Norbert Pardi et al.

NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY (2018)

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Article Immunology

Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2) in Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

Grzegorz Porebski et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Vaccination and autoimmune diseases: is prevention of adverse health effects on the horizon?

Maria Vadala et al.

EPMA JOURNAL (2017)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

How to select a nanosimilar

Alain Astier et al.

ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (2017)

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Review Allergy

Immediate-type hypersensitivity to polyethylene glycols: a review

E. Wenande et al.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY (2016)

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Article Hematology

Increased risk of thrombosis in FcγRIIA 131RR patients with HIT due to defective control of platelet activation by plasma IgG2

Jerome Rollin et al.

BLOOD (2015)

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Article Hematology

A genome-wide association study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia using an electronic medical record

Jason H. Karnes et al.

THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS (2015)

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Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Anti-PEG immunity: emergence, characteristics, and unaddressed questions

Qi Yang et al.

WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY (2015)

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Article Microbiology

Virus-Induced NETs - Critical Component of Host Defense or Pathogenic Mediator?

Craig N. Jenne et al.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2015)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Clinical Profile and Influences on Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Pericarditis

Ville Kyto et al.

CIRCULATION (2014)

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Review Immunology

Pattern recognition and signaling mechanisms of RIG-I and MDA5

Stephanie Reikine et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2014)

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Review Immunology

Platelets and infection - an emerging role of platelets in viral infection

Alice Assinger

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2014)

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Letter Allergy

Systemic allergy to EDTA in local anesthetic and radiocontrast media

Paul Anthony John Russo et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE (2014)

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Article Cell Biology

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: The role of platelets genetic polymorphisms

Pamela Scarparo et al.

PLATELETS (2013)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Altered Systemic Hemodynamic and Baroreflex Response to Angiotensin II in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome

Hossam I. Mustafa et al.

CIRCULATION-ARRHYTHMIA AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY (2012)

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Article Virology

Adenovirus Serotype 26 Utilizes CD46 as a Primary Cellular Receptor and Only Transiently Activates T Lymphocytes following Vaccination of Rhesus Monkeys

Hualin Li et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2012)

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Article Hematology

Association of natural anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies with periodontal disease

Andreas Greinacher et al.

BLOOD (2011)

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Article Hematology

Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-driven accumulation of a novel CD11c+ B-cell population is important for the development of autoimmunity

Anatoly V. Rubtsov et al.

BLOOD (2011)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Incorporation of Pseudouridine Into mRNA Yields Superior Nonimmunogenic Vector With Increased Translational Capacity and Biological Stability

Katalin Kariko et al.

MOLECULAR THERAPY (2008)

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Article Virology

Adenovirus-platelet interaction in blood causes virus sequestration to the reticuloendothelial system of the liver

Daniel Stone et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2007)

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Article Hematology

Adenovirus-induced thrombocytopenia: the role of von Willebrand factor and P-selectin in mediating accelerated platelet clearance

Maha Othman et al.

BLOOD (2007)

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Article Hematology

Thromboembolism in women

Ida Martinelli

SEMINARS IN THROMBOSIS AND HEMOSTASIS (2006)

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Article Virology

DC-SIGN and CLEC-2 mediate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capture by platelets

Chawaree Chaipan et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2006)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Vaccinations and risk of central nervous system demyelinating diseases in adults

F DeStefano et al.

ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY (2003)

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Article Immunology

IL-4 down-regulates anaphylatoxin receptors in monocytes and dendritic cells and impairs anaphylatoxin-induced migration in vivo

A Soruri et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2003)

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COVID-19 vaccines adverse events: potential molecular mechanisms

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