Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
Volume 24, Issue 1, Pages 580-595Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2022.3211659
Keywords
Privacy; Cameras; Security; Vehicles; Proposals; Blockchains; Smart contracts; Low emission zones; electronic road pricing; smart cities; privacy; security; blockchain
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This paper proposes a new scheme for managing low emission zones by decentralizing the management of vehicle access and charging, protecting user privacy, and improving system security and availability.
Low Emission Zones (LEZ)s are areas where access restrictions to polluting vehicles are enforced. These infrastructures have become a main mechanism in large cities to deal with urban traffic and environmental pollution. A main problem of practical LEZs is that they generally depend on a camera network that identifies users and jeopardizes their privacy. In the literature, there are some privacy-preserving works that rely on camera-free approaches; however, they still suffer from a major issue: they depend on centralized entities to manage the vehicles' accesses/departures and their corresponding fee payment. Those centralized entities represent a critical single point of failure in the system, endangering its security and availability. In order to address this situation, this paper proposes a new scheme that decentralizes the LEZ management, dealing with vehicle accesses as blockchain transactions, and pricing and charging them using smart contracts. In order to validate the deployability of the new scheme in real scenarios, it has been implemented and tested in both a controlled environment and a low-traffic street. The evaluation of the smart contracts' costs in terms of gas has been included in the performed tests. The results obtained are satisfactory and show the feasibility of the new proposal.
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