Conformal Frequency Selective Surfaces for Arbitrary Curvature

An algorithm is introduced for generating frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) capable of conforming to any curvature while maintaining the proper size, shape, and spacing of the elements. Compared to traditional projection and mapping methods, the presented algorithm maintains the electromagnetic properties of the FSS array despite the curvature. The algorithm can be used to conform to radomes, parts of autonomous vehicles, or any surface. The algorithm is agnostic to both element design and surface curvature. This allows the user to design a FSS for any curved surface while maintaining its response comparable to a flat array. The algorithm outputs two standard tessellation language (STL) files, one describing the curved surface and the other the elements of the FSS placed onto the curved surface. This makes the algorithm suitable for 3-D printing using systems with more than three axes or for flexible electronics. Several examples of arbitrary surfaces are shown. Lastly, the algorithm was applied to a Jerusalem-cross (JC) FSS on a nonsymmetrical parabolic dome. The dimensions of the parabolic dome were chosen to test the response of the array on a rather extreme surface against a projected array on the same surface. Simulations were carried out using Ansys HFSS from the infinite array to finite arrays to confirm the operation. Three test surfaces were manufactured with measured results found to be in good agreement with the simulation.

Automated summary

An algorithm is presented for generating frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) that can adapt to any curvature while maintaining the desired properties. The algorithm is independent of both element design and surface curvature, enabling the user to design FSSs for curved surfaces while preserving their response compared to flat arrays. It provides two standard tessellation language (STL) files, one describing the curved surface and the other the FSS elements placed on it, making it suitable for 3D printing and flexible electronics. The algorithm's effectiveness is demonstrated through simulations and measurements on various surfaces, including a non-symmetrical parabolic dome.