Future therapeutic strategies for olfactory disorders: electrical stimulation, stem cell therapy, and transplantation of olfactory epithelium-an overview

Olfactory disorders may be temporary or permanent and can have various causes. Currently, many COVID-19 patients report a reduced or complete loss of olfactory function. A wide range of treatment options have been investigated in the past, such as olfactory training, acupuncture, medical therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, or surgical excision of olfactory epithelium, e.g., in severe qualitative smell disorders. The development of a bioelectric nose, e.g., in connection with direct electrical stimulation or transplantation of olfactory epithelium or stem cells, represent treatment options of the future. The basis of these developments and the state of knowledge is discussed in the following work.

Automated summary

Olfactory disorders, whether temporary or permanent, can occur due to various reasons. COVID-19 patients frequently experience a decreased or complete loss of the sense of smell. Different treatment options, including olfactory training, acupuncture, medication, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and surgical removal of olfactory epithelium, have been explored in the past. The future may involve the development of a bioelectric nose, which could be achieved through direct electrical stimulation or transplantation of olfactory epithelium or stem cells. This paper discusses the foundations and current knowledge of these advancements.