☆ 4.2 Review

Review of fire experiments in mass timber compartments: Current understanding, limitations, and research gaps

FIRE AND MATERIALS (2023)

Related references

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Fire dynamics inside a large and open-plan compartment with exposed timber ceiling and columns: CodeRed #01

Panagiotis Kotsovinos et al.

Summary: This study conducted a series of experiments in large compartments to investigate the performance of open-plan, exposed timber compartments during fires. The results showed that the timber structure significantly affected the heat release rate and smouldering combustion could continue for several hours.

FIRE AND MATERIALS (2023)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Impact of ventilation on the fire dynamics of an open-plan compartment with exposed timber ceiling and columns: CodeRed #02

Panagiotis Kotsovinos et al.

Summary: This paper presents experimental evidence on the impact of reduced ventilation on fire dynamics in mass timber buildings. The findings show that reduced ventilation slows down the fire spread and burning rate, leading to longer fire duration. The flame spread rate is more affected in the mass timber than in the fuel load.

FIRE AND MATERIALS (2023)

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Review Construction & Building Technology

Review of large-scale CLT compartment fire tests

Julie Liu et al.

Summary: Recent large-scale fire tests have been conducted to investigate the fire behavior of CLT compartments in mid- and high-rise buildings. However, variations in test protocols and data reporting have made it challenging to synthesize results and understand the impact of unprotected timber on fire severity and self-extinction. Further research is needed to improve understanding of the fire behavior of mass timber buildings.

CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Ecology

Large-Scale Enclosure Fire Experiments Adopting CLT Slabs with Different Types of Polyurethane Adhesives: Genesis and Preliminary Findings

Danny Hopkin et al.

Summary: This paper examines the fire performance of exposed cross-laminated timber (CLT) in large enclosures. Three experiments involving propane-fuelled burners and different ceiling types were conducted. The results show that the exposed CLT had a higher initial rate of heat release compared to non-combustible lining, but stabilized at approximately one and a half times the non-combustible lining after charring. Premature char fall-off was observed near the burners when using standard polyurethane adhesive. However, both exposed CLT ceiling experiments experienced auto-extinction of flaming combustion when the burners were switched off.

FIRE-SWITZERLAND (2022)

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Article Engineering, Civil

Fire dynamics in mass timber compartments

Carmen Gorska et al.

Summary: With the introduction of Engineered Wood Products in the construction industry, fire safety concerns have arisen especially for high-rise buildings. The combustible nature of timber suggests that existing compartment fire dynamics models may not be applicable to compartments with timber boundaries. Experimental data shows that the presence of timber in compartments increases gas flow velocities, leading to a transition in fire behavior.

FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Thermodynamics

Effect of oxygen on the burning rate of wood

Franz Richter et al.

Summary: The study investigated the effect of oxygen concentration and heat flux on the burning and ignition behavior of particleboard, a proxy for woody construction materials. Findings showed that under different oxygen concentrations, particleboard undergoes pyrolysis, smouldering, or flaming, with significant impacts on charring rate. Smouldering and flaming were found to increase charring rate by 25% and 37% respectively, highlighting their importance for timber construction.

COMBUSTION AND FLAME (2021)

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Review Engineering, Multidisciplinary

Review of large-scale fire tests on cross-laminated timber

Gerard Ronquillo et al.

Summary: Concerns about the environmental impact of building construction have led to an increase in the use of timber, but its safety in the event of fire remains a topic of scepticism. Tests have shown that adequately protecting cross-laminated timber can minimize its contribution to fires, but there are still uncertainties in terms of its performance in different types of enclosures.

JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES (2021)

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Reduced chemical kinetics for microscale pyrolysis of softwood and hardwood

Franz Richter et al.

BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2020)

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A multiscale model of wood pyrolysis in fire to study the roles of chemistry and heat transfer at the mesoscale

Franz Richter et al.

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Self-extinguishment of cross-laminated timber

Roy Crielaard et al.

FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL (2019)

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The Malveira fire test: Full-scale demonstration of fire modes in open-plan compartments

Juan P. Hidalgo et al.

FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL (2019)

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Heterogeneous kinetics of timber charring at the microscale

Franz Richter et al.

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Effects of exposed cross laminated timber on compartment fire dynamics

Rory M. Hadden et al.

FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL (2017)

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Description of small and large-scale cross laminated timber fire tests

Richard Emberley et al.

FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL (2017)

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Improved Formulation of Travelling Fires and Application to Concrete and Steel Structures

Egle Rackauskaite et al.

STRUCTURES (2015)

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Article Construction & Building Technology

Fire protection of light and massive timber elements using gypsum plasterboards and wood based panels: A large-scale compartment fire test

Dionysios I. Kolaitis et al.

CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS (2014)

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Review Engineering, Civil

Travelling fires for structural design-Part I: Literature review

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FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL (2012)

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