Related references
Note: Only part of the references are listed.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yunlong Cao et al.
Summary: Continuous evolution of Omicron has led to the emergence of multiple variants with growth advantages, and mutations in their receptor-binding domain have converged on several hotspots, allowing them to evade neutralizing antibody drugs and convalescent plasma. Breakthrough infections of BA.2 and BA.5 have reduced the diversity of neutralizing antibody binding sites and promoted convergent evolution in the RBD.
Review
Microbiology
Hannah E. Davis et al.
Summary: Long COVID is a common and debilitating illness that affects at least 10% of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, with a wide range of symptoms and impacts on multiple organ systems. There are an estimated 65 million individuals worldwide with long COVID, and the number of cases is increasing daily. Current diagnostic and treatment options are insufficient, and there is a need for clinical trials to address leading hypotheses. Future research should account for biases and testing issues, build on viral-onset research, include marginalized populations, and meaningfully engage patients.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
[Anonymous]
EXERCER-LA REVUE FRANCOPHONE DE MEDECINE GENERALE
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants, while memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies show significant decreases. The majority of memory T cell responses are preserved against variants, with lower recognition of Omicron by memory B cells.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Lamprini Veneti et al.
Summary: A study found that the Omicron variant of COVID-19 has a 73% reduced risk of hospitalization compared to the Delta variant. Omicron cases who had received two doses of the vaccine 7-179 days before diagnosis had a lower risk compared to Delta (66% vs 93%), while those who received three doses had a similar risk reduction (86% vs 88%).
Article
Infectious Diseases
Kevin B. Spicer et al.
Summary: This study shows that natural infection provides substantial and persistent immunologic protection for several months for most individuals, although certain subpopulations may be at higher risk of reinfection. These subgroups include individuals aged >60 years, residents and staff of long-term care facilities, and those who have mild or asymptomatic illness with initial infection.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Anika Singanayagam et al.
Summary: Vaccination reduces the risk of delta variant infection and accelerates viral clearance. However, fully vaccinated individuals with breakthrough infections may still have similar peak viral loads as unvaccinated cases and can efficiently transmit the infection.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Bo Meng et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has a higher affinity for ACE2 and can evade neutralizing antibodies more effectively compared to the Delta variant. A third dose of mRNA vaccine can provide enhanced protection. Omicron has lower replication in lung and gut cells and less efficiently cleaves its spike protein compared to Delta.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sandile Cele et al.
Summary: The study found that the Omicron variant has reduced neutralizing effectiveness in individuals vaccinated with Pfizer BNT162b2, but those who had previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed better neutralization against Omicron.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Prerna Arora et al.
Summary: The Omicron sublineages show comparable cell entry and fusion efficiency and are dependent on ACE2. BA.2 exhibits lower neutralization efficiency by most antibodies used for COVID-19 therapy, while Cilgavimab can effectively neutralize BA.2 and BA.3, potentially serving as a treatment option. Furthermore, all sublineages are similarly neutralized by antibodies induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Aurelien Sokal et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is able to escape neutralization by antibodies elicited by vaccines and previous infection. However, the memory B cells (MBCs) generated by mRNA vaccines can still recognize and neutralize the Omicron variant to some extent, providing a certain level of protection for vaccinated individuals.
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Halane Vaillant-Roussel et al.
EXERCER-LA REVUE FRANCOPHONE DE MEDECINE GENERALE
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Peter Bager et al.
Summary: This study aimed to estimate the risk of hospitalization after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant compared with the delta variant in Denmark. The results showed that vaccination was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization, and Omicron infection was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization compared to Delta infection.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
News Item
Infectious Diseases
Sharmila Devi
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Juliet R. C. Pulliam et al.
Summary: This study provides two methods for monitoring reinfection trends in routine surveillance data. The results suggest immune evasion by the Omicron variant in previously infected individuals in South Africa, and there has been an increase in the risk of having a third infection since mid-November 2021.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Marit J. van Gils et al.
Summary: This study compares the neutralization ability of different vaccines against various SARS-CoV-2 variants and finds that mRNA vaccines are superior to adenovirus vector-based vaccines in inducing neutralizing antibodies, both after initial vaccination and booster vaccination.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Mellisa Roskosky et al.
MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Jasmin Quandt et al.
Summary: The Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection in BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals showed strong neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and previous SARS-CoV-2 variants. The memory B cells induced by the breakthrough infection targeted epitopes shared broadly among variants. The vaccination-imprinted memory B cell pool was capable of remodeling in response to heterologous SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein exposure. However, variants that acquire alterations at conserved sites may have increased susceptibility to immune escape.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Ria Lassauniere et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Anderson F. Brito et al.
Summary: Genomic sequencing plays a crucial role in tracking the spread and evolution of SARS-CoV-2, optimizing response measures and guiding vaccine development. Disparities in sequencing capacity and turnaround time between low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries highlight the need for global effort to strengthen surveillance.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Prerna Arora et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Qian Wang et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 have become dominant in the United States and South Africa, raising concerns about their ability to evade neutralizing antibodies and compromise the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutic monoclonals. A systematic antigenic analysis reveals that BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 have different levels of resistance to antibodies, with BA.2.12.1 being modestly resistant and BA.4/5 being substantially resistant. Certain mutations in the spike protein facilitate antibody escape, but compromise the spike affinity for the viral receptor. Only bebtelovimab retains full potency against both subvariants.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Nicole P. Hachmann et al.
Summary: A small study found that omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5 of SARS-CoV-2 were more likely to evade neutralizing antibodies induced by both vaccination and previous infection compared to the prior omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Heba N. Altarawneh et al.
Summary: An analysis of data from Qatar showed that previous infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity all demonstrated effectiveness in protecting against symptomatic Covid-19 caused by the BA.1 and BA.2 sublineages of the Omicron variant.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Virology
Hao Zhou et al.
Summary: The recent emergence of the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants with heavily mutated spike proteins has challenged the effectiveness of current vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapy. Studies have shown that these variants have reduced neutralizing titers against current vaccines and are highly resistant to some monoclonal antibodies.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Federico Armando et al.
Summary: This study compares virus spread and pathology in Syrian golden hamsters infected with different variants of SARS-CoV-2 and finds that the Omicron variant causes milder pathology.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Anna Z. Mykytyn et al.
Science Immunology
(2022)
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Daniel J. Sheward et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Dan H. Barouch
Summary: This article reviews the protective effects of vaccination and prior infection on severe Covid-19, and proposes future research directions.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Heba N. Altarawneh et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Amanda Zheutlin et al.
Summary: This study examined the durability of protection provided by three COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and Ad26.COV2.S) in the United States. The results showed that the vaccines had different levels of protection against breakthrough infections and hospitalizations.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Christoforos Hadjichrysanthou et al.
Summary: Nasal antibody sprays could provide protection against viral infections, but their large-scale and long-term use, along with other protective measures, is necessary to prevent community-wide transmission.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND THERAPY
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Sherrie L. Kelly et al.
Summary: According to the model, timely administration of COVID-19 vaccine boosters to eligible individuals, prioritizing the most vulnerable, can reduce infections and hospital admissions. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for decision-makers to plan for administering COVID-19 boosters ahead of winter 2022-2023 to mitigate the health burden and stress on the healthcare system.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND THERAPY
(2022)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Snezana Medic et al.
Summary: As of January 31, 2022, SARS-CoV-2 reinfections were uncommon until the end of 2021 but became common with the advent of the Omicron variant. Most reinfections were mild. Boosters may modestly reduce reinfection risk.
LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Heba N. Altarawneh et al.
Summary: Prevention of Omicron can be achieved to some extent by previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, with an effectiveness of 35% for preventing reinfection with BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants and 76% for previous omicron infection.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Daniela Michlmayr et al.
Summary: Based on Danish register data, this study finds that SARS-CoV-2 infection offers a high level of sustained protection against reinfection, comparable to that offered by vaccines, but the protection decreases with the introduction of new virus variants. The level of protection is lower among the elderly and more pronounced following symptomatic infections compared to asymptomatic infections.
LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Pablo Garcia-Valtanen et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the immune response of COVID-19 convalescents to five variants of concern and found that increased antigen variability in these variants impairs humoral and spike-specific T cell immunity. This indicates that COVID-19 convalescents are vulnerable to infection with variants, highlighting the importance of vaccination programs.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sarah Mullin et al.
Summary: This study simulated coronaviral reinfection using rat experiments and used the data to predict the endemic state of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The results showed that natural infection alone could achieve endemic stability, but it took longer to reach endemic stability after vaccination and the risk of reinfection was lower. Additionally, the introduction of new variants altered transmission states, but vaccination combined with natural immunity reduced the prevalence of infection and provided greater resilience against transmissible variants.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Katherine McMahan et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is less pathogenic in Syrian golden hamsters compared to previous SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sho Iketani et al.
Summary: The identification of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Botswana in November 2021 sparked concern due to the spike protein alterations that could potentially evade antibodies. Further studies showed that the Omicron sublineages, BA.1+R346K and BA.2, are antigenically similar to the wild-type virus and pose similar risks to the effectiveness of current vaccines. BA.2 also demonstrated resistance to many neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, highlighting the challenges in developing effective therapeutic options.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Daniel R. Feikin et al.
Summary: This study systematically reviewed the duration of protection provided by COVID-19 vaccines against various clinical outcomes. The findings indicate that the effectiveness or efficacy of the vaccines decreased from 1 to 6 months after full vaccination, but remained high against severe disease. Evaluating the effectiveness or efficacy of vaccines beyond 6 months is crucial for updating vaccine policies.
Editorial Material
Infectious Diseases
Dafna Yahav et al.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Yair Goldberg et al.
Summary: The immunity against the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 waned in all age groups in Israel a few months after receiving the second dose of the vaccine, leading to an increase in infection and severe cases.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Hiam Chemaitelly et al.
Summary: In a study conducted in Qatar involving over 900,000 participants, vaccine effectiveness peaked at 77.5% in the first month after the second dose. However, it declined afterwards to as low as 20% in months 5 through 7 after vaccination, while protection against severe Covid-19 remained above 90% for at least 6 months.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
John Mwita Morobe et al.
Summary: The study conducted at Kilifi County Hospital in Kenya found 144 different types of rhinoviruses among pediatric patients, with multiple types co-circulating within different months. The research also observed that sustained rhinovirus infections were mainly due to frequent invasion by new types and variants.
OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Galit Alter et al.
Summary: The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine has shown clinical efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19, including the B.1.351 variant, but there is uncertainty regarding its immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. The study found that neutralizing antibody responses were reduced against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants, while non-neutralizing antibody responses and T cell responses were largely preserved against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Review
Immunology
Petra Zimmermann et al.
Summary: Distinguishing long-term SARS-CoV-2 infection-associated symptoms from pandemic-associated symptoms presents challenges in research findings.
PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Edward S. Knock et al.
Summary: The study found that national lockdown was a key measure in reducing the transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2. The infection fatality ratio decreased, but was significantly higher in elderly residents in care homes. England is still far from herd immunity, emphasizing the need for high coverage and protection in vaccination campaigns to prevent a resurgence of transmission.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Harry Crook et al.
Summary: The long-term effects of covid-19 can affect multiple systems in the body, leading to persistent symptoms that impact patients of varying severity. These symptoms include fatigue, dyspnea, and cognitive impairment, among others. Studies discuss risk factors for acute and long covid, as well as potential therapeutic options.
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Review
Biology
Roy M. Anderson et al.
Summary: Despite significant progress in understanding SARS-CoV-2 over the past 18 months, uncertainties remain in areas such as factors predisposing to asymptomatic infection and the duration of immunity post infection and vaccination. The emergence of viral variants globally and the challenges in achieving herd immunity are also key concerns.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Stephen M. Kissler et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Patrick G. T. Walker et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Arthur W. D. Edridge et al.
Article
Infectious Diseases
J. A. Backer et al.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Matthew Biggerstaff et al.
BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2014)
