Intensity matters: impact of physical activity energy expenditure at moderate and vigorous intensity on total and abdominal obesity in children

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Physical activity (PA) guidelines advocate that children should accumulate at least 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous PA daily. Still, it is not clear how body fat may differ if the same dose of PA is accumulated at different intensities. We aimed to determine the independent associations of energy expenditure (EE) at moderate (MPA) and vigorous (VPA) PA intensity on total and abdominal fat in children and if these associations were moderated by cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 326 children (girls = 171, boys = 151) aged 10-12 years had PA assessed with accelerometers. Total fat mass index (FMI) and abdominal FMI were assessed with DXA. CRF was assessed by a cycle ergometer test. Linear regression models were used to model the outcomes with the inclusion of an interaction term to test for moderation effects. RESULTS: An inverse association was found between VPA EE and FMI (beta = -0.013, p < 0.001) and abdominal FMI (beta = -0.0014, p < 0.001) independent of MPA EE. In contrast, MPA EE was not related to adiposity independent of VPA EE (p > 0.05). The relationships between the PA intensities and FMI and abdominal FMI were moderated by CRF. MPA EE was positively associated with adiposity in children with high levels of CRF, whereas VPA EE remained inversely associated with adiposity regardless of CRF level, although the strength of the association was lower in those with higher CRF levels. CONCLUSION: PA programs should provide opportunities for children to perform VPA in order to achieve healthier body fat profiles and avoid excess adiposity.

Automated summary

This study aimed to investigate the independent associations between moderate and vigorous physical activity (PA) and total and abdominal fat in children, and whether these associations were moderated by cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The results showed that vigorous PA was inversely associated with fat mass and abdominal fat, independent of moderate PA. In contrast, moderate PA was not related to adiposity independent of vigorous PA. Furthermore, the relationships between PA intensities and fat mass were moderated by CRF. Moderate PA was positively associated with adiposity in children with high CRF levels, while vigorous PA remained inversely associated with adiposity regardless of CRF level.