Related references
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Nigel Garrett et al.
Summary: We report a 23% asymptomatic SARS CoV-2 Omicron carriage rate in participants of a clinical trial in South Africa, which is 15 times higher than in previous trials. We also found a strong correlation between lower CD4( + )T-cell counts in HIV-infected individuals and increased odds of being SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive.
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Summary: Seroprevalence surveys indicate that a significant proportion of the global population has been infected with SARS-CoV-2, and natural immunity plays a crucial role in protecting against reinfections and severe disease. National surveys show that previous infection provides a reduced risk of reinfection for at least one year, with moderate waning immunity. Natural immunity appears to have similar effectiveness against different SARS-CoV-2 variants, except for the Omicron variant which requires further study. Observational studies suggest that natural immunity may provide equal or greater protection compared to two doses of mRNA vaccines, although data are not consistent. Combining previous infection with vaccination seems to offer the greatest protection against SARS-CoV-2, but there are still knowledge gaps in this area.
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Editorial Material
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John P. A. Ioannidis
Summary: There is no quantitative definition widely accepted for the end of a pandemic like COVID-19. The end of the pandemic and transition to endemicity may be based on a high proportion of the global population having immunity from natural infection or vaccination. By the second half of 2021, it is likely that 70% of the global population has been vaccinated or infected. While outbreaks may continue to occur, they are expected to have less severe impact. Death toll and occupancy rates in ICUs also indicate a transition to endemicity by the end of 2021 or early 2022. The personal risk for most people globally is already very low, but perceived risk may still be exaggerated. Many countries continue to implement stringent restrictive measures. The attention from media and scientific circles should be tempered. Public health officials need to declare the end of the pandemic.
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Sivan Gazit et al.
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John P. A. Ioannidis
Summary: Non-randomised studies assessing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness need to consider multiple factors that may generate spurious estimates due to bias or genuinely modify effectiveness. Steps and measures to consider for improving vaccine effectiveness estimation include registration of studies, sharing of raw data and code, blinded assessment of outcomes, and better communication with both relative and absolute metrics of risk reduction.
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Maria Elena Flacco et al.
Summary: This meta-analysis study suggests that the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections is relatively low, but has increased during the first three months of the Omicron wave. There is a strong natural immunity following primary infection, which may last for more than one year. The risk and healthcare needs of recovered individuals might be limited.
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Summary: This study estimated the marginal effectiveness of a fourth dose compared to a third dose of mRNA covid-19 vaccines and the vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines against the omicron variant. The results showed that a fourth dose improved protection against infection, symptomatic infection, and severe outcomes. Vaccine effectiveness increased with each additional dose.
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Matan J. Cohen et al.
Summary: Despite high vaccination rates among health care workers in Israel, a significant number of breakthrough infections were observed during the Omicron wave. A fourth vaccine dose was recommended to mitigate the infection rate. This study found that the fourth dose of the vaccine reduced breakthrough infection rates among hospital staff, although not as much as the third dose.
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Hiam Chemaitelly et al.
Summary: The duration of immunity provided by natural infection of SARS-CoV-2 diminishes over time and may disappear within a few years, with viral immune evasion accelerating this process. However, protection against severe reinfection remains very strong, regardless of the variant, for over 14 months after the primary infection.
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Dan H. Barouch
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Alexandra Savinkina et al.
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Ronen Arbel et al.
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Ian Kracalik et al.
Summary: This study investigated the long-term clinical outcomes and quality of life in individuals with myocarditis after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. The findings showed that most patients were considered recovered by healthcare providers at least 90 days after the onset of myocarditis, and their quality of life was comparable to pre-pandemic and early pandemic populations of a similar age.
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Snezana Medic et al.
Summary: As of January 31, 2022, SARS-CoV-2 reinfections were uncommon until the end of 2021 but became common with the advent of the Omicron variant. Most reinfections were mild. Boosters may modestly reduce reinfection risk.
LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE
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Health Care Sciences & Services
Christian Erikstrup et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant caused a surge in SARS-CoV-2 infections in Denmark despite high vaccination coverage. Using blood donor serosurveillance, the study estimated the percentage of recently infected individuals in the background population and found that one third of infections were missed by PCR testing. The infection fatality rate was lower than previous waves.
LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE
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Jackie Kleynhans et al.
Summary: After the third wave of COVID-19 infections in South Africa, seroprevalence in a rural community reached 60%, while in an urban community it reached 70%. The high seroprevalence before the emergence of the Omicron variant may have contributed to the reduced illness severity observed in the fourth wave.
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Moshe Yanovskiy et al.
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Yair Goldberg et al.
Summary: This study used data from the Israeli Ministry of Health database to compare the rate of infection with the time since immunity-confering events. The results showed that the protection against reinfection decreased over time for individuals who had previously been infected or vaccinated, but it was still higher than the protection conferred after the same time had elapsed since the second dose of vaccine among those who were previously uninfected. A single dose of vaccine after infection reinforced protection against reinfection.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Health Care Sciences & Services
Peter Nordstrom et al.
Summary: This study examined the impact of a fourth dose of COVID-19 vaccine on the risk of death, finding that the fourth dose significantly reduced the risk of death in residents of long-term care facilities and individuals aged 80 and older in the first two months, but the protection slightly decreased over time.
LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE
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Medicine, General & Internal
Summary: The authors of the study reported the interim results of using four repurposed antiviral drugs (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and interferon beta-1a) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The study showed that these drug regimens had little or no effect on overall mortality, initiation of ventilation, and duration of hospital stay.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jennie S. Lavine et al.
Summary: The study suggests that infection-blocking immunity to SARS-CoV-2 wanes rapidly while disease-reducing immunity is long-lived. The model predicts that once reaching endemic phase, SARS-CoV-2 may become no more virulent than the common cold. However, a different outcome is predicted for an emergent coronavirus causing severe disease in children.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Stefan Pilz et al.
Summary: According to the study in Austria, the rate of SARS-CoV-2 re-infections is relatively low. Protection against SARS-CoV-2 after natural infection is comparable to the highest estimates of vaccine efficacies.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Pratyaksh K. Srivastava et al.
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Surgery
CC Miller et al.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF VASCULAR AND ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY
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