4.7 Article

Exploring the nexus between energy consumption, income inequality and poverty, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emission: evidence from two step system generalized method of moments

Journal

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
Volume 30, Issue 13, Pages 35996-36011

Publisher

SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24695-x

Keywords

Income inequality; Poverty; Economic growth; Energy consumption; Environmental Kuznets curve; Carbon dioxide emission

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This study examines the impact of income inequality, poverty, and energy consumption on carbon dioxide emission in the Belt and Road Initiative countries. The findings reveal that income inequality, poverty, and energy consumption significantly increase carbon dioxide emission, leading to environmental degradation, while access to electricity significantly improves environmental quality. Economic growth has a positive effect on carbon dioxide emission, but follows the environmental Kuznets curve pattern. Income inequality moderates carbon dioxide emission through per capita economic growth, reducing environmental degradation in the Belt and Road Initiative countries.
The concern of environmental degradation, poverty, and income inequality remains a priority in achieving sustainable development goals. Countries are trying to reduce income inequality, alleviate poverty, and reduce environmental degradation which needs special attention. Consequently, this study explores the effect of income inequality, poverty, and energy consumption on carbon dioxide emission in the Belt and Road Initiative countries from 1996 to 2018. By employing the generalized method of moments, the findings show that income inequality, poverty, and energy consumption significantly increase carbon dioxide emission and lead to environmental degradation, while access to electricity significantly raises environmental quality. Economic growth positively affects carbon dioxide emission; however, the environmental Kuznets curve is valid. Income inequality exerts a moderating effect on carbon dioxide emission via per capita economic growth that reduces environmental degradation in the Belt and Road Initiative countries. The results of this study give important policy implications for the Belt and Road Initiative countries.

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