Resiliencies of soil phosphorus fractions after natural summer fire are governed by microbial activity and cation availability in a semi-arid Inceptisol

The unintended impact of natural summer fire on soil is complicated and rather less studied than its above-ground impact. Recognising the impact of a fire on silvopastoral soils and their resilience can aid in improving the management of silvopastoral systems. We studied the immediate (after 1 week (W)) and short-term (after 3 months (M)) recovery of different soil biological and chemical properties after the natural fire, with specific emphasis on phosphorus (P) dynamics. Soil samples were collected from four different layers (0-15, 15-30, 30-45, and 45-60 cm) of Morus alba, Leucaena leucocephala, and Ficus infectoria based silvopastoral systems. In the 0-15 cm soil layer, soil organic carbon (SOC) declined by-37, 42, and 30% after the fire in Morus-, Leucaena-, and Ficus -based systems, respectively within 1W of fire. However, after 3M of fire, Morus and Leucaena regained-6 and 11.5% SOC as compared to their status after 1W in the 0-15 cm soil layer. After 1W of the fire, soil nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and potassium availability declined significantly at 0-15 cm soil layer in all systems. Iron and manganese availability improved significantly after 1W of the fire. Saloid bound P and aluminium bound P declined significantly immediately after the fire, increasing availability in all systems. However, calcium bound P did not change significantly after the fire. Dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity declined significantly after the fire, however, phenol oxidase and peroxidase activity were unaltered. Resiliencies of these soil properties were significantly impacted by soil depth and time. Path analysis indicated microbial activity and cationic micronutrients majorly governed the resilience of soil P fractions and P avail-ability. Pasture yield was not significantly improved after the fire, so natural summer fire must be prevented to avoid loss of SOC, N, and S.

Automated summary

The unintended impact of natural summer fire on soil is complicated and less studied. This study investigated the recovery of different soil properties after a natural fire, with a specific focus on phosphorus dynamics. The results showed a decline in soil organic carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium availability after the fire, but some recovery was observed after three months. Path analysis indicated that microbial activity and cationic micronutrients played a major role in the recovery of soil phosphorus fractions. It is important to prevent natural summer fires to avoid soil loss.