Stiffness-based method to identify the threshold load of low hardness steels using the Incremental step loading test

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is one of the main problems related to the use of metallic materials in sour or wet environments. The Incremental Step-Loading (ISL) test used to evaluate the sus-ceptibility to HE of steels has gained more visibility over recent years, thus allowing for the determination of the threshold load (Pth) in H+ enriched environments. However, the ISL stan-dard, ASTM F1624, limits the test to steels with a minimum hardness of 33 HRC. Even for those steels with 33 HRC, the results present some misinterpretations. In addition to this fact, one needs to consider that there are several applications where steels with hardness below 33 HRC are used, as for instance, in fasteners and tool joints under cathodic protection used in the oil and gas industry, for which hardness varies from 26 to 32 HRC. In light of the aforementioned, the standard limitation represents a major disadvantage related to the application of the ISL test. Grounded upon the said, the aim of the present study is to propose a methodology based on the specimen stiffness to be used in the ISL test results, allowing the Pth determination of steels with hardness lower than 33 HRC. Conventional and extended ISL tests were performed in two steels (4137-M and 4130-M) with a 32 HRC hardness values. Applying the stiffness-based method on the the conventional ISL test results, a threshold load (Pth) of 71.5 %PFFS and 66.0 %PFFS were found for the 4137-M and 4130-M steels, respectively. To validate these results, extended ISL tests were performed on both steels and the results showed a Pth of 73.7 %PFFS for the 4137-M steel and 66.0 %PFFS for the 4130-M steel. The results from the conventional ISL test, using the stiffness-based method proposed in this study, provided values similar or with differences lower than 5 %PFFS, when compared alongside the extended ISL tests. Moreover, ISL tests were performed on the same steels with 40 HRC hardness, and the AISI4137-M presented a Pth of 21.6 %PFFS and for 4130-M the Pth was 22.0 %PFFS. The main conclusion obtained from these tests was that, when large amount of plastic deformation is not present on ISL test, the load drop visual detection is suffi-cient to determine the Pth. As expected, it was observed that both steels with 40 HRC presented higher HE susceptibility than the 32 HRC ones. This behavior was due to higher stress concen-tration at the notch root presented by the higher hardness condition. The stiffness-based method proved to be robust and capable of separate yielding from hydrogen induced cracking of low

Automated summary

This study proposes a methodology based on specimen stiffness to determine the threshold load of steels with hardness lower than 33 HRC in Incremental Step-Loading (ISL) tests. Results from conventional ISL tests using the stiffness-based method showed good agreement with extended ISL tests. Additionally, ISL tests on steels with 40 HRC hardness demonstrated higher hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility compared to steels with 32 HRC hardness.