4.5 Review

Atmospheric Drivers of Wind Turbine Blade Leading Edge Erosion: Review and Recommendations for Future Research

Related references

Note: Only part of the references are listed.
Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Evaluation of WRF Simulation of Deep Convection in the US Southern Great Plains

S. C. Pryor et al.

Summary: The Southern Great Plains region experiences frequent heavy rainfall and hail events. This study used the WRF Model to simulate seven months of weather conditions, and evaluated the accuracy of the simulation. The results showed that the model performed well in simulating precipitation and wind speeds, but had some biases in simulating extremely high rainfall and hail. Greater accuracy is needed for joint probabilities of wind speed, rainfall, and hail for renewable energy applications.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY (2023)

Article Energy & Fuels

The Case for Policy in Developing Offshore Wind: Lessons from Norway

Iben Ringvej Dahl et al.

Summary: This article reveals the political development of offshore wind energy policies in Norway and highlights the conflict between environmental and energy policy objectives. The limited deployment of offshore wind energy in Norway is mainly due to a lack of local energy demand.

ENERGIES (2022)

Article Thermodynamics

Towards global validation of wind power simulations: A multi-country assessment of wind power simulation from MERRA-2 and ERA-5 reanalyses bias-corrected with the global wind atlas

Katharina Gruber et al.

Summary: Reanalysis data, including MERRA-2 and ERA5, were used to simulate wind power generation. ERA5 outperforms MERRA-2 in terms of error measures, while bias-correction with GWA2 did not substantially improve simulation quality. Temporal aggregation increases correlations and reduces errors, while spatial aggregation only consistently improves simulation quality with very fine and very coarse granularities.

ENERGY (2022)

Article Energy & Fuels

Effect of drop-size parameterization and rain amount on blade-lifetime calculations considering leading-edge erosion

Anna-Maria Tilg et al.

Summary: The erosion of wind turbine blade due to leading-edge erosion caused by particles such as raindrops can lead to decreased power production and increased maintenance cost. Research has shown that reducing tip speed can increase blade lifetime, and parameterization of rain rate can significantly affect blade lifetime compared to in situ measurements. Changes in rain amount have minimal impact on blade lifetime, while wind shear exponent changes can affect lifetime prediction considerably.

WIND ENERGY (2022)

Review Chemistry, Physical

The Springer Model for Lifetime Prediction of Wind Turbine Blade Leading Edge Protection Systems: A Review and Sensitivity Study

Nick Hoksbergen et al.

Summary: The wind energy sector is growing rapidly, leading to larger wind turbines and increased erosion damage from rain droplets. Coating materials are used to protect the blades, and the Springer model is commonly used to predict the fatigue lifetime of these coated substrates. However, the model's sensitivity to input parameters and lack of physical representation highlight the need for more accurate prediction methods. A proposed framework consisting of a contact pressure model, coating stress model, and fatigue strength model is sufficient to capture the underlying physics of rain erosion on wind turbine blades.

MATERIALS (2022)

Article Energy & Fuels

Generation of Surface Maps of Erosion Resistance for Wind Turbine Blades under Rain Flows

Alessio Castorrini et al.

Summary: This article proposes a method that integrates multibody aeroelastic simulation, high-fidelity simulations of aerodynamics and particle transport, and semi-empirical models to predict corrosion damage on wind turbine blades. By generating a parametric map of the affected blade regions, the fatigue life of the coating surface can be evaluated, providing an important reference for the sustainability of maintenance, control, and mitigation measures.

ENERGIES (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Analysis of the wind energy market in Denmark and future interactions with an emerging hydrogen market

Thomas Leopold Berg et al.

Summary: The study investigates the economic feasibility of integrating water electrolysis systems in the Danish energy market to produce hydrogen from excess wind energy, however, the net present value of each investment turns out to be negative, making it not economically feasible to invest in such systems solely for utilizing surplus wind energy.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2021)

Article Energy & Fuels

Modeling and Monitoring Erosion of the Leading Edge of Wind Turbine Blades

Gregory Duthe et al.

Summary: This study introduces a stochastic model for simulating leading edge erosion and a deep learning model for monitoring and classifying degradation severity, aiming to help wind farm operators plan maintenance activities more efficiently and reduce costs. The deep learning approach shows potential in diagnosing degradation processes with long time-series sequences.

ENERGIES (2021)

Article Energy & Fuels

Methodology for the energetic characterisation of rain erosion on wind turbine blades using meteorological data: A case study for The Netherlands

Luis Bartolome et al.

Summary: This study proposes a method to understand rain erosion on the leading edge of wind turbine blades by considering factors such as kinetic energy and power. The research found that wind speed has the main contribution to erosive variables, while rainfall intensity and the frequency of meteorological data logging also play significant roles.

WIND ENERGY (2021)

Article Energy & Fuels

A global assessment of extreme wind speeds for wind energy applications

Sara C. Pryor et al.

Summary: This study presents a global investigation of extreme wind speeds using different statistical approaches, providing robust estimates of wind resource for cost-effective expansion of the wind energy industry. The study shows that estimates of U-50 derived from ERA5 output using four different methods are within an average of 9-13% of those from point measurements. The reference wind speed (U-ref) derived from wind turbine design standards is generally a conservative estimate of U-50 and may lead to over-engineering of wind turbines and excess capital expenditures, especially after applying additional safety factors.

NATURE ENERGY (2021)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Analysis of leading edge erosion effects on turbulent flow over airfoils

Akshay Koodly Ravishankara et al.

Summary: Surface degradation of wind turbine blades due to exposure to elements like rain, hail, and insects can lead to aerodynamic performance reduction and power losses. Roughness models are used to study the effect of erosion on flow quantities without the need to accurately model the degraded surface. Different roughness models are evaluated against theoretical models to quantify the reduction in performance of airfoils due to leading edge roughness.

RENEWABLE ENERGY (2021)

Article Energy & Fuels

A model to estimate the effect of variables causing erosion in wind turbine blades

Raul Prieto et al.

Summary: This study introduces a multidisciplinary model for assessing the severity of erosion in wind turbine blades, quantifying erosion by considering multiple factors such as precipitation, particle trajectories, and wind turbine structural responses. The predicted erosion incubation time shows good qualitative agreement with actual inspection results, highlighting the importance of atmospheric conditions and material properties in accurately estimating erosion severity.

WIND ENERGY (2021)

Article Energy & Fuels

Rain erosion of wind turbine blades and the effect of air bubbles in the coatings

Soren Faester et al.

Summary: X-ray tomography revealed air bubbles in the top coat of wind turbine blades, impacting the crack initialization and overall performance. Coating systems with fewer bubbles showed significant advantage in performance on the rain erosion tester.

WIND ENERGY (2021)

Article Energy & Fuels

Rain Erosion Load and Its Effect on Leading-Edge Lifetime and Potential of Erosion-Safe Mode at Wind Turbines in the North Sea and Baltic Sea

Charlotte Bay Hasager et al.

Summary: The study found that the leading-edge lifetime of wind turbine blades increases from South to North along the German and Danish North Sea coastline and is shorter in the West compared to the East in the Baltic Sea area. It is recommended to use a time series of 10 years or longer to avoid overestimation of the lifetime.

ENERGIES (2021)

Article Energy & Fuels

Minimum Leading Edge Protection Application Length to Combat Rain-Induced Erosion of Wind Turbine Blades

Amrit Shankar Verma et al.

Summary: The study extends the scope of a probabilistic framework to determine the minimum LEP application length needed to combat rain-induced erosion on wind turbine blades, finding that the LEP application length is sensitive to site selection and turbine attributes. The study provides guidelines for efficient repair strategies for wind turbine blades.

ENERGIES (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Global precipitation system size

Yan Zhang et al.

Summary: This study investigates the global distribution of precipitation system size and its relationships with various precipitation parameters using data from 2015-2019. Results show that large precipitation systems are more common over oceans, while medium-sized systems dominate over most land areas. There are strong positive correlations between precipitation system size and precipitation amount, frequency, intensity, and duration, especially in tropical regions.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Wind power production from very large offshore wind farms

Sara C. Pryor et al.

Summary: The study shows that offshore wind energy lease areas along the U.S. east coast have a great potential for power production, but this is reduced by wake effects. The wake effects can extend up to 90 km under certain flow conditions, and the area with a velocity deficit is 2.6 times larger than the footprint of the lease areas.

JOULE (2021)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Leading edge erosion of wind turbine blades: Understanding, prevention and protection

Leon Mishnaevsky et al.

Summary: This overview paper discusses recent studies on the mechanisms, modeling, and prevention of surface erosion of wind turbine blades. It summarizes the latest research on leading edge erosion from various perspectives and discusses experimental testing of anti-erosion coatings, impact of erosion on wind turbine aerodynamics, and meteorological aspects. Computational models of leading edge erosion and development directions of anti-erosion coatings are also presented.

RENEWABLE ENERGY (2021)

Article Energy & Fuels

Impacts of turbine and plant upsizing on the levelized cost of energy for offshore wind

Matt Shields et al.

Summary: Upsizing turbine capacity to 20 MW in a 2,500 MW power plant array can reduce the levelized cost of energy by over 23% compared to the global average installed in 2019, primarily due to reductions in balance-of-system and operation and maintenance costs. Improved installation vessels, optimized export systems, and novel operation and maintenance strategies are also identified as additional cost reduction opportunities. These results suggest that upsizing represents a significant cost reduction opportunity for offshore wind energy and will continue to shape the future of the sector.

APPLIED ENERGY (2021)

Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Offshore wind turbine operations and maintenance: A state-of-the-art review

Zhengru Ren et al.

Summary: Operations and maintenance of offshore wind turbines (OWTs) are essential for the development of offshore wind farms. Maintenance, in particular, plays a crucial role in the overall cost of energy due to practical constraints and high costs associated with offshore operations. The impact of maintenance on the life cycle of offshore wind farms is complex and uncertain, with maintenance strategies significantly affecting efficiency, profitability, safety, and sustainability. Onsite maintenance involves intricate marine operations that rely on practical factors for efficiency and safety, while potential negative environmental impacts also need to be considered.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Statistical Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution in Monsoon Season over South China Sea

Chaoying Huang et al.

Summary: The South China Sea is the largest and southernmost sea in China, with significant spatial variability in raindrop size distribution during the summer monsoon season. The study found that rain events were more frequent during late evening to early morning, with most raindrops having diameters less than 2 mm and a relatively high concentration of medium to large-sized raindrops in stratiform precipitation features. The DSD in the South China Sea agreed with a three-parameter gamma distribution for small raindrop diameters.

REMOTE SENSING (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Influence of Wind-Induced Effects on Laser Disdrometer Measurements: Analysis and Compensation Strategies

Vincenzo Capozzi et al.

Summary: This study evaluates the performance of a Thies Clima laser disdrometer under strong wind and heavy rain conditions, finding that a new adaptive filtering method can improve precipitation estimates by 8% compared to the standard approach. The impact of wind speed on velocity-diameter spectrographs gradually increases with wind strength, leading to a higher percentage of wrongly allocated hydrometeors.

REMOTE SENSING (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Assessment of a Wind Turbine Blade Erosion Lifetime Prediction Model with Industrial Protection Materials and Testing Methods

Robbie Herring et al.

Summary: This study analyzed the application of the Springer model in predicting rain erosion tests, attempting to validate its relevance with experimental data and industrial applications. The results indicate that combining experimental data and adjusting numerical parameters can improve the accuracy of the model, providing more reliable performance predictions for industrial applications.

COATINGS (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A Staged Approach to Erosion Analysis of Wind Turbine Blade Coatings

David Nash et al.

Summary: The study revealed that splitting the wind turbine leading-edge erosion progression into discrete stages provides a comprehensive understanding of the changes in the erosion mechanism, particularly with notable changes observed at Stages 2 and 4.

COATINGS (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Nanoengineered Graphene-Reinforced Coating for Leading Edge Protection of Wind Turbine Blades

Nicolai Frost-Jensen Johansen et al.

Summary: The development of new anti-erosion coatings for wind turbine blade surface protection using nanoengineered polymers is explored. Coatings with graphene and hybrid nanoreinforcements show better erosion protection performance, providing lifetimes up to 13 times longer than non-reinforced polyurethanes. Thermal effects and energy dissipation during repeated soft impacts on the blade surface are discussed.

COATINGS (2021)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

NORA3: A Nonhydrostatic High-Resolution Hindcast of the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea, and the Barents Sea

Hilde Haakenstad et al.

Summary: The 3-km Norwegian Reanalysis (NORA3) hindcast provides a valuable climatological description of the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea, and the Barents Sea, showing improved simulation of wind fields and better reproduction of detailed structures of polar lows. It outperforms the earlier hydrostatic 10-km Norwegian Hindcast Archive (NORA10) in complex terrain and exhibits significantly higher maximum wind speeds in extratropical windstorms compared to NORA10 and ERA5.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY (2021)

Review Environmental Sciences

The effects of climate change on hailstorms

Timothy H. Raupach et al.

Summary: Climate change is expected to have varying effects on hailstorms in different regions, with an overall increase in frequency projected for Australia and Europe, and a decrease for East Asia and North America. However, these changes show marked spatial and temporal variability. Due to a lack of long-term observations and incomplete process understanding, the impact of climate change on hailstorms remains highly uncertain.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2021)

Article Energy & Fuels

Aerodynamics of leading-edge protection tapes for wind turbine blades

Desirae Major et al.

Summary: A comparative study on the effect of standard and tapered leading-edge protection (LEP) tapes on the annual energy production (AEP) of a utility-scale 1.5 MW wind turbine reveals that tapered LEP tapes can reduce the adverse impact on AEP.

WIND ENGINEERING (2021)

Review Engineering, Mechanical

Damage detection techniques for wind turbine blades: A review

Ying Du et al.

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING (2020)

Article Water Resources

Comparison of three types of laser optical disdrometers under natural rainfall conditions

Lisbeth Lolk Johannsen et al.

HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL-JOURNAL DES SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES (2020)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Undercatch Adjustments for Tipping-Bucket Gauge Measurements of Solid Precipitation

John Kochendorfer et al.

JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY (2020)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

The ERA5 global reanalysis

Hans Hersbach et al.

QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY (2020)

Article Energy & Fuels

Costs of repair of wind turbine blades: Influence of technology aspects

Jr Leon Mishnaevsky et al.

WIND ENERGY (2020)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

WRF Modeling of Deep Convection and Hail for Wind Power Applications

F. Letson et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY (2020)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Variability in Wind Energy Generation across the Contiguous United States

S. C. Pryor et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY (2020)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Damage Mechanism Based Approach to the Structural Health Monitoring of Wind Turbine Blades

Malcolm McGugan et al.

COATINGS (2020)

Proceedings Paper Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Sub-Regional Variability in Wind Turbine Blade Leading-Edge Erosion Potential

F. Letson et al.

SCIENCE OF MAKING TORQUE FROM WIND (TORQUE 2020), PTS 1-5 (2020)

Proceedings Paper Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Uncertainty Quantification of Leading Edge Erosion Impacts on Wind Turbine Performance

David C. Maniaci et al.

SCIENCE OF MAKING TORQUE FROM WIND (TORQUE 2020), PTS 1-5 (2020)

Proceedings Paper Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Optimization of the erosion-safe operation of the IEA Wind 15 MW Reference Wind Turbine

W. R. Skrzypinski et al.

SCIENCE OF MAKING TORQUE FROM WIND (TORQUE 2020), PTS 1-5 (2020)

Article Environmental Sciences

Characteristics of Rain and Sea Spray Droplet Size Distribution at a Marine Tower

Hiroki Okachi et al.

ATMOSPHERE (2020)

Review Environmental Sciences

Climate change impacts on wind power generation

Sara C. Pryor et al.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2020)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Characterisation of the offshore precipitation environment to help combat leading edge erosion of wind turbine blades

Robbie Herring et al.

WIND ENERGY SCIENCE (2020)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Automated precipitation monitoring with the Thies disdrometer: biases and ways for improvement

Michael Fehlmann et al.

ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES (2020)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Radar-derived precipitation climatology for wind turbine blade leading edge erosion

Frederick Letson et al.

WIND ENERGY SCIENCE (2020)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Quantifying hail size distributions from the sky - application of drone aerial photogrammetry

Joshua S. Soderholm et al.

ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES (2020)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Using Operational Radar to Identify Deep Hail Accumulations from Thunderstorms

Robinson Wallace et al.

WEATHER AND FORECASTING (2019)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

One Step at a Time: How Model Time Step Significantly Affects Convection-Permitting Simulations

Andrew I. Barrett et al.

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS (2019)

Article Environmental Sciences

Intensity-duration-frequency curves at the global scale

Laurent G. Courty et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2019)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Constructing a Multifrequency Passive Microwave Hail Retrieval and Climatology in the GPM Domain

Sarah D. Bang et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY (2019)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Evaluation of Cumulus and Microphysics Parameterizations in WRF across the Convective Gray Zone

Julia Jeworrek et al.

WEATHER AND FORECASTING (2019)

Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

The increasing importance of leading edge erosion and a review of existing protection solutions

Robbie Herring et al.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2019)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

The Disdrometer Verification Network (DiVeN): a UK network of laser precipitation instruments

Ben S. Pickering et al.

ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES (2019)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Daily evaluation of 26 precipitation datasets using Stage-IV gauge-radar data for the CONUS

Hylke E. Beck et al.

HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES (2019)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Effect of disdrometer type on rain drop size distribution characterisation: a new dataset for south-eastern Australia

Adrien Guyot et al.

HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES (2019)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Global estimates of damaging hail hazard

Andreas F. Prein et al.

WEATHER AND CLIMATE EXTREMES (2018)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Extending the life of wind turbine blade leading edges by reducing the tip speed during extreme precipitation events

Jakob Ilsted Bech et al.

WIND ENERGY SCIENCE (2018)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Comparison of precipitation measurements by OTT Parsivel2 and Thies LPM optical disdrometers

Marta Angulo-Martinez et al.

HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES (2018)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Remote surface damage detection on rotor blades of operating wind turbines by means of infrared thermography

Dominik Traphan et al.

WIND ENERGY SCIENCE (2018)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Toward Completing the Raindrop Size Spectrum: Case Studies Involving 2D-Video Disdrometer, Droplet Spectrometer, and Polarimetric Radar Measurements

Merhala Thurai et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY (2017)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

On the Optimal Measuring Area for Pointwise Rainfall Estimation: A Dedicated Experiment with 14 Laser Disdrometers

F. J. Tapiador et al.

JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY (2017)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Global rainfall erosivity assessment based on high-temporal resolution rainfall records

Panos Panagos et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2017)

Review Chemistry, Physical

Materials for Wind Turbine Blades: An Overview

Leon Mishnaevsky et al.

MATERIALS (2017)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

CoCoRaHS The Evolution and Accomplishments of a Volunteer Rain Gauge Network

Henry W. Reges et al.

BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY (2016)

Article Energy & Fuels

Effects of an escarpment on flow parameters of relevance to wind turbines

R. J. Barthelmie et al.

WIND ENERGY (2016)

Review Environmental Sciences

Rain Drop Measurement Techniques: A Review

Gopinath Kathiravelu et al.

WATER (2016)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Performance Evaluation of Micro Rain Radar over Sumatra through Comparison with Disdrometer and Wind Profiler

Marzuki et al.

PROGRESS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS RESEARCH M (2016)

Article Water Resources

Statistical Analysis of the Raindrop Size Distribution Using Disdrometer Data

Evangelos Baltas et al.

HYDROLOGY (2016)

Review Mechanics

Ocean Spray

Fabrice Veron

ANNUAL REVIEW OF FLUID MECHANICS, VOL 47 (2015)

Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Leading edge erosion of coated wind turbine blades: Review of coating life models

H. M. Slot et al.

RENEWABLE ENERGY (2015)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Correction of raindrop size distributions measured by Parsivel disdrometers, using a two-dimensional video disdrometer as a reference

T. H. Raupach et al.

ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES (2015)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Terminal velocities and kinetic energies of natural hailstones

Andrew J. Heymsfield et al.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2014)

Article Engineering, Ocean

Evaluation of the New Version of the Laser-Optical Disdrometer, OTT Parsivel2

Ali Tokay et al.

JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY (2014)

Article Engineering, Ocean

Articulating and Stationary PARSIVEL Disdrometer Measurements in Conditions with Strong Winds and Heavy Rainfall

Katja Friedrich et al.

JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY (2013)

Article Engineering, Ocean

Comparison of Raindrop Size Distribution Measurements by Collocated Disdrometers

Ali Tokay et al.

JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY (2013)

Review Physics, Applied

On erosion issues associated with the leading edge of wind turbine blades

M. H. Keegan et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS (2013)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Drop-Size Distributions in Thunderstorms Measured by Optical Disdrometers during VORTEX2

Katja Friedrich et al.

MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW (2013)

Article Engineering, Ocean

An Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network-Daily Database

Matthew J. Menne et al.

JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY (2012)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Assessment of the Thies optical disdrometer performance

Renato Prata de Moraes Frasson et al.

ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH (2011)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Dent Overlap in Hailpads: Error Estimation and Measurement Correction

Covadonga Palencia et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY (2011)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Experimental Quantification of the Sampling Uncertainty Associated with Measurements from PARSIVEL Disdrometers

Joel Jaffrain et al.

JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY (2011)

Article Engineering, Ocean

PARSIVEL Snow Observations: A Critical Assessment

Alessandro Battaglia et al.

JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY (2010)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Heavy rain intensity distributions on varying time scales and at different temperatures

J. O. Haerter et al.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES (2010)

Article Engineering, Multidisciplinary

New laser technology to determine present weather parameters

R. A. Ellis et al.

MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2006)

Article Water Resources

DEVEX-disdrometer evaluation experiment:: Basic results and implications for hydrologic studies

WF Krajewski et al.

ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES (2006)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Profiles of raindrop size distributions as retrieved by microrain radars

G Peters et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY (2005)