Breaking boundaries: Current progress of anticancer NK cell-based drug development

Natural killer (NK) cell therapy is emerging as a cancer treatment. NK cells are innate cytotoxic lymphocytes that act as first-line responders to kill target cells without prior encounters. NK cells recognize cancer cells, virus-infected cells, and other types of stressed cell through a reservoir of germline-encoded receptors. NK cells are safe for allogeneic applications. Therefore, they are the ideal off-the-shelf cell, which overcome the low efficiency issue caused by the patient-by-patient nature of autologous cell therapy. Unlike T cells, NK cells cannot form a strong immune memory; therefore, they suffer from short in vivo persistence. However, different from T cells, NK cells have a reservoir of innate immune receptors targeting a variety of malignant cells. In addition, they can utilize antibody guidance in target recognition. With suitable engineering, NK cells can function as universal anticancer drugs that are not restricted to HLA and cancer types, which will benefit the large cohort of patients with rare cancer types and patients with no convenient drug targets for precision and personalized medicine. Here, we summarize and discuss the designs of current anticancer NK cell therapies.

Automated summary

Natural killer (NK) cell therapy is emerging as a promising cancer treatment that utilizes innate cytotoxic lymphocytes with germline-encoded receptors to kill cancer cells, virus-infected cells, and other stressed cells. NK cells have the advantage of being safe for allogeneic applications and can be used as off-the-shelf cells, overcoming the limitations of autologous cell therapy. However, NK cells have a shorter in vivo persistence compared to T cells, but they have a reservoir of innate immune receptors and can utilize antibody guidance for target recognition.