A Perspective on Therapeutic Applications and Strategies to Mitigate Toxicity of Metallic Nanoparticles

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in clinical practice. A number of MNP formulations are being investigated in clinical trials for various applications. This increase in the use of NPs results in higher exposure to humans, leading to toxicity issues. Hence, it is necessary to determine the possible undesirable effects of the MNPs after in-vivo application and exposure. One of the main reasons for the toxicity of MNPs is the release of their respective metallic ions throughout the body. Many research studies are in progress investigating the various strategies to reduce the toxicity of MNPs. These research studies aim to change the size, dose, agglomeration, release, and excretion rates of MNPs. In this perspective review, we discussed the possible strategies to improve the therapeutic effects of MNPs through various processes, with lessons learned from the studies involving silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). We also discussed the ways to manage the toxicity of MNPs by purification, surface functionalization, synergistic effect, and targeted therapy approach. All these strategies could reduce the dose of the MNPs without compromising their therapeutic benefits, which could decrease the toxicity of MNPs. Additionally, we briefly discussed the market and toxicology testing for FDA-regulated MNPs.

Automated summary

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely used in clinical practice for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, but their potential toxicity is a concern. Numerous research studies are being conducted to explore strategies to reduce the toxicity of MNPs, including modifying their size, dose, agglomeration, release, and excretion rates. In addition, managing the toxicity of MNPs can be achieved through purification, surface functionalization, synergistic effects, and targeted therapy approaches. These strategies can decrease the dose of MNPs without compromising their therapeutic benefits, thus reducing their toxicity.