Self-Healing Polymeric Soft Actuators

Natural evolution has provided multicellular organisms with sophisticated functionalities and repair mechanisms for surviving and preserve their functions after an injury and/or infection. In this context, biological systems have inspired material scientists over decades to design and fabricate both self-healing polymeric materials and soft actuators with remarkable performance. The latter are capable of modifying their shape in response to environmental changes, such as temperature, pH, light, electrical/magnetic field, chemical additives, etc. In this review, we focus on the fusion of both types of materials, affording new systems with the potential to revolutionize almost every aspect of our modern life, from healthcare to environmental remediation and energy. The integration of stimuli-triggered self healing properties into polymeric soft actuators endow environmental friendliness, cost-saving, enhanced safety, and lifespan of functional materials. We discuss the details of the most remarkable examples of self-healing soft actuators that display a macroscopic movement under specific stimuli. The discussion includes key experimental data, potential limitations, and mechanistic insights. Finally, we include a general table providing at first glance information about the nature of the external stimuli, conditions for self-healing and actuation, key information about the driving forces behind both phenomena, and the most important features of the achieved movement.

Automated summary

Natural evolution has inspired the design and fabrication of self-healing polymeric materials and soft actuators, which can replicate the sophisticated functionalities and repair mechanisms found in multicellular organisms. The fusion of these materials has the potential to revolutionize various aspects of modern life, such as healthcare, environmental remediation, and energy. The integration of stimuli-triggered self-healing properties into polymeric soft actuators not only enhances their environmental friendliness, cost-saving, and safety, but also extends their lifespan. This review discusses remarkable examples of self-healing soft actuators that exhibit macroscopic movement under specific stimuli, including experimental data, limitations, and mechanistic insights.