FOX-7 based nitrogen rich green energetic salts: Synthesis, characterization, propulsive and detonation performance

New 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7)-based energetic salts are reported in this study. A variety of bases including hydrazine, hydroxylamine, ammonia, amino guanidine and metal hydroxides (MOH) were found to react with FOX-7 to give the following salts: hydrazinium (E)-2-amino-2-hydrazinylidene-1,1-dinitroethan-1-ide (1) dihydroxylammonium mono((Z)-2-amino-2-(hydroxyimino)-1,1-dinitroethan-1-ide) (2) ammonium (1-amino-2,2-dinitrovinyl)amide (3), potassium/sodium/lithium(I)-[(Z)-2-amino-2-hydrazineylidene-1,1-dinitroethan-1-ide] (4-6), and aminoguanidine-(Z)-2-amino-2-hydrazinylidene-1,1-dinitroethan-1-ide (7). The title compounds were fully characterizedusing IR, NMR, and elemental analysis. The structures of the salts 2 and 7 were further confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis. These salts have experimental densities in the range between 1.59 gcm(-3) to 1.92 g cm(-3). Thermal stabilities of these salts were measured by DSC and TGA analysis and their decomposition temperatures were found between 85 degrees C and 177 degrees C. Enthalpies of formation (Delta H-f degrees) were calculated (Gaussian 03) and with their experimental densities, the propulsive and detonation properties of the nitrogen-rich green energetic salts were evaluated. These compounds exhibit high density, high positive enthalpy (Delta H-f degrees), balanced nitrogen and oxygen contents with excellent propulsive (Isp) and good detonation properties (DP and DV) which are superior to that of RDX, ammonium perchlorate (AP), and comparable to TKX-50. The energetic salts (1, 2, 5 and 6) show potential as highly promising secondary explosives. These energetic salts have potential as promising solid propellants.

Automated summary

New 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7)-based energetic salts were synthesized and characterized. The salts exhibited high density, good thermal stability and balanced nitrogen and oxygen contents. Their propulsive and detonation properties were evaluated and found to be superior to RDX and AP, and comparable to TKX-50. The energetic salts show potential as highly promising secondary explosives and solid propellants.