Versatile nanodiamond-based tools for therapeutics and bioimaging

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are a remarkable class of carbon-based nanoparticles in nanomedicine which have recently become a hot topic of research due to their unique features including functionalization versatility, tunable opto-magnetic properties, chemical stability, minimal cytotoxicity, high affinity to biomolecules and biocompatibility. These attractive features make NDs versatile tools for a wide range of biologically relevant applications. In this feature article, we discuss the opto-magnetic properties of negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV-) centres in NDs as fluorescence probes. We further discuss the frequently used chemical methods for surface chemistry modification of NDs which are relevant for biomedical applications. The in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of modified NDs is also highlighted. Subsequently, we give an overview of recent state-of-the-art biomedical applications of NDs as versatile tools for bioimaging and detection, and as targeting nanocarriers for chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, gene therapy, antimicrobial and antiviral therapy, and bone tissue engineering. Finally, we pinpoint the main challenges for NDs in biomedical applications which lie ahead and discuss perspectives on future directions in advancing the field for practical applications and clinical translations.

Automated summary

Nanodiamonds are carbon-based nanoparticles in nanomedicine that have gained attention for their unique features including versatility, opto-magnetic properties, stability, low cytotoxicity, affinity to biomolecules, and biocompatibility. This article discusses the opto-magnetic properties of negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV-) centers in nanodiamonds as fluorescence probes. It also explores the chemical methods for surface modification of nanodiamonds relevant to biomedical applications and highlights their biocompatibility. Furthermore, it provides an overview of recent biomedical applications of nanodiamonds as tools for bioimaging, targeting nanocarriers, and various therapies.