Journal
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
Volume 49, Issue 10, Pages 15154-15163Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.01.098
Keywords
Zinc tin oxide; Zinc oxynitride; Ammonolysis; Annealing atmosphere; Photoelectrochemical water splitting; Nitride; Phase transformation
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This study investigates the variation in crystallinity, morphology and phase of zinc tin hydroxide nanostructures after annealing in different atmospheres. Annealing in oxidizing and non-oxidizing atmospheres does not significantly affect the properties. However, annealing in a reducing atmosphere leads to a transformation in morphology and structure, with the formation of new phases. The reducing atmosphere also affects the bandgap and other electronic properties of the nanostructures.
The variation in crystallinity, morphology and phase of zinc tin hydroxide nanostructures are investigated after annealing at different (oxidizing, non-oxidizing and reducing) atmospheres. The zinc tin hydroxide nano-structures are prepared using hydrolysis assisted co-precipitation method. Annealing in oxidizing (oxygen and air) and non-oxidizing (nitrogen and argon) atmospheres do not have a significant effect on morphological and structural properties. However, the annealing in the reducing (ammonia) atmosphere converts the cubic nano-structures into nanorods and spherical particles. The zinc tin hydroxide forms three new phases (ZnON, SnO2 and Sn) after annealing in reducing atmosphere. The formation of ZnON and SnO2 phases are evident in Raman and XPS analysis. The reducing atmosphere (ammonia) changes the reaction kinetics leading to diffusion control crystal growth that could be responsible for such structural and morphological transformation. The bandgap is significantly changed after morphological and structural transformation with notable variation in photocurrent density, charge transfer resistance, and charge carrier concentration.
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