Oral Bacterial Contributions to Gingival Carcinogenesis and Progression

Several periodontitis-associated species induce genes related to cell proliferation, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, intracellular transport, immune and inflammatory responses, carcinogenesis, and cancer progression. Here, we reviewed studies showing strong associations between gingival squamous cell carcinoma (GSCC) and three periodontitis-related oral bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Prevotella intermedia) in the microenvironment. These bacteria produce cytoplasmic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and secrete cytokines and molecules related to carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis and metastasis. In GSCC, LPS levels are substantially elevated and assessable by functional analysis. Polymicrobial infections can synergistically induce inflammation and significantly upregulate proinflammatory molecules (e.g., IL beta, IL8, and TNF alpha) that promote carcinogenesis. This review can facilitate the identification of novel targets for treating and preventing GSCC, which is potentially associated with periodontal pathogen.

Automated summary

Several periodontitis-associated species induce genes related to various biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, immune response, and carcinogenesis. A review of studies showed strong associations between gingival squamous cell carcinoma (GSCC) and three periodontitis-related oral bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Prevotella intermedia). These bacteria produce lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and secrete cytokines and molecules that are involved in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. The elevated levels of LPS in GSCC can be assessed through functional analysis. Polymicrobial infections can synergistically induce inflammation and upregulate proinflammatory molecules, promoting carcinogenesis. This review aids in identifying novel targets for the treatment and prevention of GSCC, which may be associated with periodontal pathogens.