Hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular mechanism, targeted therapy, and biomarkers

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. The biological process of HCC is complex, with multiple factors leading to the broken of the balance of inactivation and activation of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, the abnormal activation of molecular signaling pathways, the differentiation of HCC cells, and the regulation of angiogenesis. Due to the insidious onset of HCC, at the time of first diagnosis, less than 30% of HCC patients are candidates for radical treatment. Systematic antitumor therapy is the hope for the treatment of patients with middle-advanced HCC. Despite the emergence of new systemic therapies, survival rates for advanced HCC patients remain low. The complex pathogenesis of HCC has inspired researchers to explore a variety of biomolecular targeted therapeutics targeting specific targets. Correct understanding of the molecular mechanism of HCC occurrence is key to seeking effective targeted therapy. Research on biomarkers for HCC treatment is also advancing. Here, we explore the molecular mechanism that are associated with HCC development, summarize targeted therapies for HCC, and discuss potential biomarkers that may drive therapies.

Automated summary

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy and leading cause of cancer-related death. The complex biological process of HCC involves the imbalance of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, abnormal activation of signaling pathways, HCC cell differentiation, and angiogenesis regulation. Systematic antitumor therapy is crucial for middle-advanced HCC patients, yet survival rates remain low. Researchers are exploring biomolecular targeted therapeutics and biomarkers for HCC treatment. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HCC occurrence and developing targeted therapies are key in improving outcomes for HCC patients.