DNAzyme motor systems and logic gates facilitated by toehold exchange translators

DNAzyme motor systems using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as scaffolds are useful for biosensing and in situ amplification because these systems are free of protein enzymes, isothermal, homogeneous, and sensitive. However, detecting different targets using the available DNAzyme motor techniques requires redesigns of the DNAzyme motor. We report here a toehold-exchange translator and the translator-mediated DNAzyme motor systems, which enable sensitive responses to various nucleic acid targets using the same DNAzyme motor without requiring redesign. The translator is able to efficiently convert different nucleic acid targets into a specific output DNA that further activates the pre-silenced DNAzyme motor and consequently initiates the autonomous walking of the DNAzyme motor. Simply adjusting the target-binding region of the translator enables the same DNAzyme motor system to respond to various nucleic acid targets. The translator-mediated DNAzyme motor system is able to detect as low as 2.5 pM microRNA-10b and microRNA-21 under room temperature without the need of separation or washing. We further demonstrate the versatility of the translator and the DNAzyme motor by successful construction and operation of four logic gates, including OR, AND, NOR, and NAND logic gates. These logic gates use two microRNA targets as inputs and generate amplified fluorescence signals from the operation of the same DNAzyme motor. Incorporation of the toehold-exchange translator into the DNAzyme motor tech-nology improves the biosensing applications of DNA motors to diverse nucleic acid targets.

Automated summary

This study reports a toehold-exchange translator and translator-mediated DNAzyme motor systems that enable sensitive responses to various nucleic acid targets using the same DNAzyme motor without requiring redesign. The translator efficiently converts nucleic acid targets into specific output DNA, activating the DNAzyme motor and enabling autonomous movement. By adjusting the target-binding region of the translator, the same DNAzyme motor system can respond to multiple nucleic acid targets. The study also demonstrates the construction and operation of four logic gates using the translator and DNAzyme motor, enhancing the biosensing applications of DNA motors.