Synthesis and discovery of Baylis-Hillman adducts as potent and selective thioredoxin reductase inhibitors for cancer treatment

The selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is of paramount importance in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis, and aberrant upregulation of TrxR is frequently observed in various cancers due to their elevated oxidative stress in cells. Thus, it seems promising and feasible to target the ablation of intracellular TrxR for the treatment of cancers. We report herein the design and synthesis of a series of Baylis-Hillman adducts, and identified a typical adduct that possesses the superior cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells over other types of cancer cells. The biological investigation shows the selected typical adduct selectively targets TrxR in HepG2 cells, which thereafter results in the collapse of intracellular redox homeostasis. Further mechanistic studies reveal that the selected typical adduct arrests the cell cycle in G1/G0 phase. Importantly, the malignant metastasis of HepG2 cells is significantly restrained by the selected typical adduct. With well-defined molecular target and mechanism of action, the selected typical adduct, even other Baylis-Hillman skeleton-bearing compounds, merits further development as candidate or ancillary agent for the treatment of various cancers.

Automated summary

This study reports the design and synthesis of a series of Baylis-Hillman adducts, among which a typical adduct showed superior cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells. The selected typical adduct was found to selectively target TrxR in HepG2 cells, leading to the disruption of intracellular redox homeostasis. It also arrested the cell cycle and significantly restrained the metastasis of HepG2 cells. These findings suggest that the selected typical adduct, as well as other Baylis-Hillman skeleton-bearing compounds, hold promise as candidate or ancillary agents for the treatment of various cancers.