Journal
JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
Volume 116, Issue 4, Pages 1694-1704Publisher
AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1152/jn.00744.2015
Keywords
epilepsy; interneurons; neocortex; optogenetics; neurostimulation
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Funding
- Israel Science Foundation (ISF)
- Adelis Foundation
- Prince Center
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Parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons exert powerful inhibitory effects on the normal cortical network; thus optogenetic activation of PV interneurons may also possess antiepileptic properties. To investigate this possibility we expressed channelrhodopsin 2 in PV interneurons by locally injecting the Cre-dependent viral vector AAV2/1-EF1a-DIO-ChETA-EYFP into the S1 barrel cortex of PV-Cre mice. Approximately 3-4 wk later recurrent electrographic seizures were evoked by local application of the chemoconvulsant 4-aminopyridine (4-AP); the ECoG and unit activity were monitored with extracellular silicone electrodes; and PV interneurons were activated optogenetically during the ictal and interictal phases. Five-to ten-second optogenetic activation of PV interneurons applied during electrographic seizures (ictal phase) terminated 33.7% of electrographic seizures compared with only 6% during sham stimulation, and the average electrographic seizure duration shortened by 38.7 +/- 34.2% compared with sham stimulation. In contrast, interictal optogenetic activation of PV interneurons showed powerful and robust ictogenic effects. Approximately 60% of interictal optogenetic stimuli resulted in electrographic seizure initiation. Single-unit recordings revealed that presumptive PV-expressing interneurons markedly increased their firing during optogenetic stimulation, while many presumptive excitatory pyramidal neurons showed a biphasic response, with initial suppression of firing during the optogenetic pulse followed by a synchronized rebound increase in firing at the end of the laser pulse. Our findings indicated that ictal activation of PV-expressing interneurons possesses antiepileptic properties probably due to suppression of firing in pyramidal neurons during the laser pulse. However, in addition interictal activation of PV-expressing interneurons possesses powerful ictogenic properties, probably due to synchronized postinhibition rebound firing of pyramidal neurons.
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