Journal
ANIMAL CELLS AND SYSTEMS
Volume 26, Issue 6, Pages 328-337Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2152864
Keywords
CD44s; CD44v3; PGG; cancer stem cell marker; ubiquitin
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This study evaluated the effect of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG) on CD44 markers in pancreatic cancer cells and found that PGG inhibits the proliferation, clonogenic activity, adhesion, and migration of cancer cells. PGG also downregulates CSC regulatory factors and induces CD44v3 ubiquitination.
Inhibition of cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), a pancreatic cancer stem cell (CSC) marker, is a potential treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, we evaluated the effect of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG), a gallotannin contained in various medicinal plants, on CD44 standard (CD44s) and CD44 variant 3 (CD44v3) in Mia-PaCa-2, human pancreatic cancer cells and explored the underlying mechanisms. PGG showed cytotoxic effects and inhibited the proliferation of Mia-PaCa-2 cells. It also inhibited clonogenic activity, adhesion to fibronectin, and cell migration, which are characteristics of CSCs. PGG inhibited the expression of CD44s and CD44v3 by inducing the phosphorylation of p53 and suppressing NF-kappa B and Foxo3. Inhibition of Foxo3 induces CD44v3 ubiquitination. Indeed, PGG increased proteasome activity and promoted CD44v3 ubiquitination. PGG downregulated the CSC regulatory factors Nanog, Oct-4, and Sox-2, which act downstream of CD44v3 signaling. These data indicate that PGG may have therapeutic effects in pancreatic cancer mediated by inhibition of CSC markers.
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