Stable Operation of Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries in Air Atmosphere

As a green route for large-scale energy storage, aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are attracting extensive attention. However, most of the reported AORFBs were operated in an inert atmosphere. Herein, we clarify this issue by using the reported AORFB (i.e., 3, 3 '-(9,10-anthraquinone-diyl)bis(3-methylbutanoicacid) (DPivOHAQ)||Ferrocyanide) as an example. We demonstrate that the dissolved O-2 can oxidize the discharged DPivOHAQ in anolyte, leading to capacity-imbalance between anolyte and catholyte. Therefore, this cell shows continuous capacity fading when operated in an air atmosphere. We propose a simple strategy for this challenge, in which the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in catholyte is employed to balance oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in anolyte. When using the Ni(OH)(2)-modifed carbon felt (CF) as a current collector for catholyte, this cell shows an excellent stability in air atmosphere because the Ni(OH)(2)-induced OER capacity in catholyte exactly balances the ORR capacity in anolyte. Such O-2-balance strategy facilitates AORFBs' practical application.

Automated summary

Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) have gained significant attention as a green method for large-scale energy storage. However, most of the reported AORFBs have been operated in inert atmospheres. In this study, we address this issue by using a specific AORFB as an example and demonstrate that the presence of oxygen leads to capacity imbalance and continuous capacity fading. We propose a simple strategy of using the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in the catholyte to balance the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the anolyte, which results in improved stability in air atmosphere.