Analysis of urine by MIP-OES: challenges and strategies to correct matrix effects

This work investigated the potential of microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP-OES) for urine analysis using a complex matrix containing carbon and high concentrations of easily ionizable elements (EIEs). The goals were to study interferences originating from the urine matrix for 14 analytes with total energies varying from 1.85 to 12.07 eV, along with strategies to correct matrix effects and compare the results with those reported in the literature using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). It was found that the urine matrix caused suppression of the signals for some elements and increased them for others. Therefore, an internal standardization calibration method and three levels of dilution, i.e., 2-, 20-, and 200-fold, were applied as strategies to correct non-spectral interferences. Also, Ga, Ge, Pd, Rh, Sc and Y and four molecular species present in the nitrogen plasma (i.e., CN, N-2, N-2(+), and OH) were investigated as potential internal standards (ISs). The accuracy and precision were evaluated by addition and recovery experiments and best results were obtained using ISs Ge, Rh and Sc for 20-fold dilution and N-2(+) for 200-fold dilution. The LODs ranged from 0.33 to 329 mu g L-1 and deviations were lower than 11%. The combined use of these strategies led to successful urine analysis for a spiked sample by MIP-OES.

Automated summary

This study focused on using microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP-OES) for urine analysis in a complex matrix with high concentrations of easily ionizable elements (EIEs). The urine matrix caused interferences for different elements, and strategies such as internal standardization and dilution were employed to correct these effects. Several potential internal standards were investigated, and the accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated. The results showed successful urine analysis by MIP-OES using these strategies.