Understanding heterogeneity in technology adoption among Indonesian smallholder dairy farmers

This study aims to understand and profile smallholder farmers' technology adoption status. We collected cross-sectional data from 600 smallholder dairy farming households in West Java, Indonesia. A Latent class cluster analysis identified two unique clusters of smallholder dairy farmers based on patterns in their adoption status of multiple dairy farming technologies. Cluster 1 (Low awareness/low adoption) had significantly lower awareness of all technologies, and among the aware farmers, technology adoption rates were also significantly lower compared to Cluster 2 (High awareness/high adoption). The Low awareness/low adoption cluster was older, had less formal education, managed fewer dairy cows, had less productive and less profitable dairy enterprises, lived further away from their cooperative and farmer group leader, and had fewer contacts with dairy extension staff. Farmers' responses to questions regarding reasons underpinning nonadoption decisions suggest that farmers face multilayered and heterogenous constraints to adopting dairy technologies. This insight can assist government, policymakers, and development professionals in designing technology dissemination programs that meet the unique characteristics of subgroups of farmers, ultimately improving the adoption of technologies. [EconLit Citations: Q12, Q16].

Automated summary

This study aims to understand the technology adoption status of smallholder farmers and identifies factors influencing adoption through the formation of two unique clusters. The Low awareness/low adoption cluster was characterized by older age, lower education level, smaller and less profitable dairy enterprises, and less contact with relevant organizations and extension staff. Farmers face multilayered and heterogeneous constraints to adopting dairy technologies.