Sub-millimetre wave range-Doppler radar as a diagnostic tool for gas-solids systems- solids concentration measurements

Current non-intrusive measurement techniques for characterising the solids flow in gas-solids suspen-sions are limited by the low temporal or low spatial resolution of the sample volume, or in the case of optical methods, by a short range of sight. In this work, a sub-millimetre wave range-Doppler radar is developed and validated for non-intrusive sensing of solids concentrations in a gas-solids particle sys-tem with known characteristics. The radar system combines favourable features, such as the ability to see through at optical frequencies opaque materials, to measure the local solids velocity and the reflected radar power with a spatial resolution of a few cubic centimetres over distances of a few metres. In addition, the radar hardware offers flexibility in terms of installation. After signal process-ing, the output of the radar is range-velocity images of the solids flowing along the radar's line-of -sight. The image frame rate can be close to real-time, allowing the solids flow dynamics to be observed.While the well-established Doppler principle is used to measure the solids velocity, this paper intro-duces a method to relate the received radar signal power to the solids volumetric concentrations (cv) of different particulate materials. The experimental set-up provides a steady stream of free-falling solids that consist of glass spheres, bronze spheres or natural sand grains with known particle size distribu-tions and with particle diameters in the range of 50-300 lm. Thus, the values of cv found using the radar measurements are validated using the values of cv retrieved from closure of the mass balance derived from the measured mass flow rate of the solids stream and the solids velocity. The results show that the radar system provides reliable measurements of cv, with a mean relative error of approxi-mately 25 % for all the tested materials, particle sizes and mass flow rates, yielding values of cv ranging from 0.2 x 10-4 m3/m3 up to 40 x 10-4 m3/m3 and solids velocities within the range of 0-4.5 m/s. This demonstrates the ability of the radar technology to diagnose the solids flow in gas-solids suspensions using a unique combination of penetration length, accuracy, and spatial and time resolution. In future work, the radar technique will be applied to study non-controlled solids flow at a larger scale, and to understand flow conditions relevant to industrial reactor applications, e.g., fluidised bed, entrained flow, and cyclone units. & COPY; 2022 The Society of Powder Technology Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. and The Society of Powder Technology Japan. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/).

Automated summary

This paper presents the development and validation of a sub-millimeter wave range-Doppler radar for non-intrusive sensing of solids concentrations in gas-solids systems. The radar system offers the ability to penetrate opaque materials, measure local solids velocity, and provide reflected radar power with high spatial resolution. The experimental results demonstrate that the radar system provides reliable measurements of solids concentrations with high accuracy.