Carrier-free subunit nanovaccine amplifies immune responses against tumors and viral infections

Codelivering subunit antigens and Toll-like receptor (TLR) molecular adjuvants via nanocarriers can stim-ulate potent innate and specific immune responses. Simple and effective nanovaccines fabrication is cru-cial for application. However, most nanovaccines were fabricated by introducing additional delivery mate-rials, increasing safety risk, cost and processing complexity. Herein, a carrier-free nanovaccine was facilely prepared using a TLR1/TLR2 adjuvant, Diprovocim, rich in benzene rings that could interact with aromatic residues in subunit antigens through pi-pi stacking without additional materials. The carrier-free nanovac-cines with a narrow size distribution could target lymph nodes (LNs) after intravenous injection to mice. The carrier-free nanovaccines based on ovalbumin (OVA) can stimulate strong antibody titers and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immune responses in mice, and it synergized with anti-PD1 showing a potent tumor suppression in B16F10-OVA tumor model of mice. Furthermore, the carrier-free nanovaccine with glyco-protein E (gE), a glycoprotein of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), also showed potent humoral and cellular immune responses. Therefore, using subunit proteins to support Diprovocim by pi-pi stacking provides a new approach for the preparation and application of novel vaccines for tumor therapy and prevention of infectious diseases.Statement of significance Codelivering subunit antigens and adjuvants via nanocarriers stimulate potent innate and specific im-mune responses. However, existing delivery materials for fabricating nanovaccines will inevitably increase the cost of preparation, controllability, process complexity and safety assessment. Therefore, this study easily prepared carrier-free nanovaccines using the benzene ring-rich TLR1/TLR2 adjuvant Diprovocim, which can interact with aromatic residues in subunit antigens via pi-pi stacking without additional mate-rials. The carrier-free nanovaccines of OVA demonstrated a potent tumor inhibition in treating melanoma in combination with anti-PD1. And the nanovaccines of gE stimulated a strong antibody titer and cellular immune response for herpes zoster. Thus, the present study provides a new approach for the preparation of subunit vaccines to combat various cancers and virus infections.(c) 2022 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

Codelivering subunit antigens and Toll-like receptor (TLR) molecular adjuvants via nanocarriers can stimulate potent innate and specific immune responses. In this study, a carrier-free nanovaccine was prepared using a benzene ring-rich TLR1/TLR2 adjuvant, Diprovocim, which interacted with aromatic residues in subunit antigens through pi-pi stacking without additional materials. The carrier-free nanovaccines exhibited precise targeting ability and induced strong immune responses in mice, showing great potential for tumor therapy and prevention of infectious diseases.