Progress of Heterogeneous Iridium-Based Water Oxidation Catalysts

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

On the Durability of Iridium-Based Electrocatalysts toward the Oxygen Evolution Reaction under Acid Environment

Liaona She et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the recent research progress on tackling the stability issues of Ir-based OER electrocatalysts in acid media, aiming to provide inspiration for designing highly active and stable Ir-based electrocatalysts.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Inter-relationships between Oxygen Evolution and Iridium Dissolution Mechanisms

Anja Loncar et al.

Summary: This Minireview gathers the state-of-the-art understanding of the dissolution of different iridium catalysts and its relationship with their structure, and correlates it to the different mechanisms of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). It is of great importance for the scale-up of green hydrogen production.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Self-Assembly of Ir-Based Nanosheets with Ordered Interlayer Space for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation

Lianhai Zu et al.

Summary: In this work, ultrathin Ir-IrOx/C nanosheets with ordered interlayer space were synthesized through a nanoconfined self-assembly strategy, exhibiting enhanced catalytic activity for acidic oxygen evolution reactions. The nanosheets showed one of the lowest overpotential during OER in an acid medium, benefiting from their mixed-valence states, rich electrophilic oxygen species, and favorable mesostructured architectures. This study opens a new avenue for designing high-performance 2D ordered mesoporous electrocatalysts for water oxidation and beyond through a nanoconfined self-assembly strategy.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Iridium and IrOx nanoparticles: an overview and review of syntheses and applications

Jonathan Quinson

Summary: Precious metal nanomaterials, including iridium-based nanomaterials, are widely used in various fields such as optics, catalysis, pollution management, sensing, and medicine. Despite the relatively small size and easy synthesis of iridium nanoparticles and clusters, there is still limited understanding of their formation mechanisms. This review provides an overview of synthetic strategies for iridium nanoparticles and discusses their applications. Supplementary material is also provided, including synthesis protocols, the historical role of iridium nanoparticles in nanoscience, and their applications in catalysis.

ADVANCES IN COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Electrochemistry

Durability Testing of Low-Iridium PEM Water Electrolysis Membrane Electrode Assemblies

Maximilian Moeckl et al.

Summary: The durability of a novel iridium catalyst with a low iridium loading density was investigated in a PEM water electrolysis short stack. The performance of the novel catalyst was compared to a conventional iridium catalyst. The results showed that the novel catalyst had lower degradation in performance at low current densities, making it suitable for industrial applications.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

CO2/carbonate-mediated electrochemical water oxidation to hydrogen peroxide

Lei Fan et al.

Summary: In this study, a CO2/carbonate mediation approach was used to steer the pathway of electrochemical water oxidation reaction from oxygen evolution to hydrogen peroxide generation. This approach achieved high selectivity of hydrogen peroxide synthesis, along with good activity and durability.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Single-Phase Perovskite SrIrO3 Nanofibers as a Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for a pH-Universal Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Seungsun Shin et al.

Summary: This article reports the facile synthesis of single-phase perovskite SrIrO3 nanofibers (NFs) and demonstrates the promising electrocatalytic performance of SrIrO3 NFs for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in a wide range of pH. The NF morphology of SrIrO3 NFs leads to enhanced catalytic activity, representing smaller overpotentials and Tafel slopes than IrO2/Ir NFs and commercial Ir/C. SrIrO3 NFs also show remarkably stable activity in all three electrolytes, even though a considerable amount of Sr is leached out.

ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Electrochemical Preparation of Iridium Hydroxide Nanosheets with Ordered Honeycomb Structures for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acid

Zhongfei Liu et al.

Summary: This study develops a facile electrochemical approach to synthesize iridium hydroxide nanosheets, which exhibit excellent activity and stability for water oxidation under acid conditions.

ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Cation-Exchange Method Enables Uniform Iridium Oxide Nanospheres for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Seongeun Park et al.

Summary: Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers are crucial for advancing the energy system towards renewable resources. However, there is still no breakthrough in electrocatalyst design for PEM water electrolyzers. This study presents a synthesis method for preparing an iridium nanostructure that can be more efficiently utilized.

ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Kinetic Insights of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer Obtained by Operando Characterization Methods

Han Liu et al.

Summary: In this paper, the important role and recent advances of operando characterization methods in obtaining kinetic insights about proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are highlighted and an outlook of future research directions is given.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS (2022)

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Article Electrochemistry

Heating up the OER: Investigation of IrO2 OER Catalysts as Function of Potential and Temperature

Steffen Czioska et al.

Summary: Despite intensive investigations, the behavior of catalysts during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at high temperatures is still not fully understood. This study presents spectroscopic insights into OER catalysts at elevated temperatures using in-situ electrochemical techniques and heated flow cell. The findings reveal the steady state of OER catalysts at temperatures above 60 degrees C, suggesting an equilibrium of different oxidation states. This research provides important information for industrial applications and fills a gap in existing studies.

CHEMELECTROCHEM (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Understanding the Effect of Ni-Substitution on the Oxygen Evolution Reaction of (100) IrO2 Surfaces

Gaetan Buvat et al.

Summary: This study investigates the effect of nickel on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity of iridium oxide. The experimental results show that the substitution of iridium by nickel atoms significantly improves the OER activity.

ACS CATALYSIS (2022)

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Article Electrochemistry

Lattice Strain Enhances the Activity of Ir-IrO2/C for Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Meng Wang et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the importance of lattice strain in catalysts. By forming a core-shell structure and introducing strain, the catalyst's adsorption energy and catalytic performance can be regulated. The optimal catalyst showed lower overpotential, higher mass activity, and better electrochemical stability.

CHEMELECTROCHEM (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

The Ir-OOOO-Ir transition state and the mechanism of the oxygen evolution reaction on IrO2(110)

Tobias Binninger et al.

Summary: A computational study revealed that the classical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) mechanism on iridium dioxide (IrO2) surface should be reconsidered, as it follows a bi-nuclear mechanism rather than the commonly considered mono-nuclear mechanism. This new pathway allows the Ir-O bonds to remain stable, explaining the outstanding stability of IrO2 under OER conditions.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Amorphization mechanism of SrIrO3 electrocatalyst: How oxygen redox initiates ionic diffusion and structural reorganization

Gang Wan et al.

Summary: Investigated the interfacial transformation of the SrIrO3 OER electrocatalyst and its structural evolution, revealing that the structural reorganization facilitated by coupled ionic diffusions is essential to the disordered structure of the SrIrO3 electrocatalyst.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Identification of the Active-Layer Structures for Acidic Oxygen Evolution from 9R-BaIrO3 Electrocatalyst with Enhanced Iridium Mass Activity

Na Li et al.

Summary: The study introduces a novel method for synthesizing highly active IrOx/9R-BaIrO3 catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction in acid media. The catalyst shows significantly higher iridium mass activity compared to benchmark IrO2 and only requires low overpotential for catalytic current generation. Advanced microscopy and spectroscopy techniques reveal the surface evolution of active-layer structures, providing new insights into engineering highly active OER nanocatalysts.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2021)

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Article Electrochemistry

Identifying the oxygen evolution mechanism by microkinetic modelling of cyclic voltammograms

Janis Geppert et al.

Summary: This work presents an experimentally validated microkinetic model to quantify the mechanistic pathways, emerging species and reaction rates during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Simulation results show that oxygen evolves primarily via a fast single site pathway, and the reduction of iridium species at high oxidation potentials is attributed to the kinetic limitations of water adsorption.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2021)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Torsion strained iridium oxide for efficient acidic water oxidation in proton exchange membrane electrolyzers

Shaoyun Hao et al.

Summary: This study presents a torsion-strained Ta0.1Tm0.1Ir0.8O2-delta nanocatalyst with abundant grain boundaries, which exhibits a low overpotential for oxygen evolution reaction. By tuning the adsorption energy of oxygen intermediates, this nanocatalyst shows enhanced catalytic activity. The proton exchange membrane electrolyser using this nanocatalyst can operate stably for 500 hours with a cost of US$1/kg of H-2, achieving a lower cost target set by the US Department of Energy.

NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Structure and Reactivity of IrOx Nanoparticles for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Electrocatalysis: An Electronic Structure Theory Study

Kalishankar Bhattacharyya et al.

Summary: This study employs electronic structure methods to investigate the structure and reactivity of IrOx nanoparticle models as catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. The results show that the cluster's structural changes under electrochemical conditions are related to potential and pH, and the proton and electron transfer processes are influenced by pH. Evaluation of Ir oxidation states reveals variations at different potentials.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Iridium metallene oxide for acidic oxygen evolution catalysis

Qian Dang et al.

Summary: Exploring new materials with optimal atomic utilization, activity, and stability for catalytic applications is crucial in material science. In this study, the iridium metallene oxide 1T-phase IrO2 was synthesized through a combination of mechanochemistry and thermal treatment, showing high activity and stability for the oxygen evolution reaction in acidic electrolytes. This discovery provides new opportunities for catalysis and other applications by identifying new, active material phases for efficient catalyst development.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Online Electrochemistry-Mass Spectrometry Evaluation of the Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction at Supported Catalysts

Junheng Huang et al.

Summary: The study utilizes a chip EC-MS system to investigate a graphene-supported ruthenium catalyst with high OER activity, enabling accurate measurement of onset potential and Faradaic efficiency while decoupling complex electrochemical reactions. Different stages of the OER process and side reactions are also studied using this technique.

ACS CATALYSIS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Ab Initio Thermodynamics and Kinetics of the Lattice Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Iridium Oxides

Alexandra Zagalskaya et al.

Summary: Iridium-oxide-based catalysts are highly active and stable for the anodic oxygen evolution reaction in acidic media, but their longevity may be compromised by the active participation of lattice oxygen atoms. The involvement of lattice oxygen in the OER can enhance the activity of some Ir oxides, but also compromise materials stability. This study emphasizes the importance of considering the lattice oxygen evolution reaction for more reliable computational predictions of electrochemically stable OER catalysts.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Crystalline Disorder, Surface Chemistry, and Their Effects on the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) Activity of Mass-Produced Nanostructured Iridium Oxides

Raghunandan Sharma et al.

Summary: In this study, correlations between the structure and OER activity of commercial IrOx samples from different suppliers were examined. It was found that oxides with disordered crystallinities exhibit superior intrinsic OER activity, challenging the traditional belief that pure tetragonal phases are the best for OER catalysis.

ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Assessment of active areas for the oxygen evolution reaction on an amorphous iridium oxide surface

Regina M. Kluge et al.

Summary: Efficient production of hydrogen from water using electrocatalysis is hindered by slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Iridium (Ir) oxide catalysts in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysers show promising activity and stability, but the structure-activity relations are not well understood. Noise in electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy (n-ECSTM) measurements on amorphous iridium oxide surfaces suggest little structure-sensitivity in OER, unlike in other catalytic reactions.

JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Short-Range Ordered Iridium Single Atoms Integrated into Cobalt Oxide Spinel Structure for Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation

Jieqiong Shan et al.

Summary: This study proposes a method to integrate noble metal atoms into the lattice of transition metal oxides to create a new type of hybrid structure, showing that iridium single atoms can be effectively accommodated into cobalt spinel oxide. The resultant catalyst exhibits significantly higher electrocatalytic activity under acidic conditions, with improved corrosion resistance and oxidative potentials. This work eliminates the close-packing limitation of noble metals and offers promising opportunities for creating analogues with desired topologies for various catalytic applications.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Extraordinary acidic oxygen evolution on new phase 3R-iridium oxide

Zhenglong Fan et al.

Summary: This study demonstrated the successful preparation of a new 3R phase IrO2 using a microwave-assisted mechano-thermal method, showing its outstanding catalytic activity and stability for oxygen evolution reaction in acidic electrolyte.

JOULE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity and Stability Benchmarks for Supported and Unsupported IrOx Electrocatalysts

Camila Daiane Ferreira da Silva et al.

Summary: Supported IrOx nanocatalysts are more active but less stable for OER compared to unsupported micrometer-sized catalysts, while Ta-doped tin oxides used as supports for IrOx nanoparticles show higher stability. Thermal annealing significantly reduces Ir atom dissolution rate for both micro- and nano-IrOx particles, leading to improved stability.

ACS CATALYSIS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Progress of Nonprecious-Metal-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution in Acidic Media

Jiajian Gao et al.

Summary: Water oxidation, or the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), is crucial for providing protons and electrons needed for hydrogen generation, electrochemical CO2 reduction, and nitrogen fixation. Developing highly active, stable, and precious-metal-free electrocatalysts for acidic OER is important for large-scale PEM electrolyzer applications. Various precious-metal-free catalysts have shown promising activity and stability for acidic OER, offering alternatives to the limited iridium and ruthenium oxides currently used in PEM electrolyzers.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Direct Detection of Surface Species Formed on Iridium Electrocatalysts during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Arjun BalaKrishnan et al.

Summary: The effect of different surface orientations on the formation of iridium oxide species during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was studied using a needle-shaped iridium atom probe specimen as a nanosized working electrode. It was found that a thick subsurface oxide layer consisting of sub-stoichiometric Ir-O species on the open (024) planes contributes additional activity to the OER process. This study highlights the importance of surface morphological effects on iridium electrocatalysts for OER and provides a new method to directly reveal surface species on electrocatalysts at the atomic scale.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Is iridium demand a potential bottleneck in the realization of large-scale PEM water electrolysis?

Christine Minke et al.

Summary: Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is a key technology for future sustainable energy systems, using iridium as catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction. To meet the immense future iridium demand, it is essential to reduce iridium catalyst loading in PEM electrolysis cells and develop a recycling infrastructure.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Surface Electron-Hole Rich Species Active in the Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation

Juan-Jesus Velasco-Velez et al.

Summary: Iridium and ruthenium based anodes show low overpotentials and high corrosion resistance, making them ideal for the oxygen evolution reaction under harsh acidic conditions. Through advanced X-ray spectroscopy techniques, electrode nanofabrication, and DFT calculations, researchers revealed that the oxygen evolution reaction is controlled by the formation of empty Ir 5d states on the surface, while oxygen bound to three iridium centers remains dominant in the bulk. Furthermore, the study found that a high coverage of μ(1)-OO (peroxo) species during the OER is excluded, and a higher surface-to-bulk ratio in thinner electrodes enhances material usage.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Increasing Iridium Oxide Activity for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction with Hafnium Modification

Fang Zhao et al.

Summary: The synthesis and implementation of highly active, stable, and affordable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a major challenge in developing energy conversion devices. A highly active hafnium-modified iridium oxide (IrHfxOy) electrocatalyst was reported in this study, showing significantly increased activity compared to traditional iridium oxide electrocatalysts. Operando surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and DFT calculations revealed the key mechanisms behind the enhanced OER performance of the IrHfxOy catalyst.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Origin of enhanced water oxidation activity in an iridium single atom anchored on NiFe oxyhydroxide catalyst

Xueli Zheng et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Tuning of lattice oxygen reactivity and scaling relation to construct better oxygen evolution electrocatalyst

Zhen-Feng Huang et al.

Summary: The study proposes an effective strategy to construct better oxygen evolution electrocatalysts through tuning lattice oxygen reactivity and scaling relation via alkali metal ion mediation in NaxMn3O7 materials. This new rational recipe demonstrates an intermediate level of Na+ mediation (NaMn3O7) exhibits the optimum oxygen evolution activity, providing a potential way to develop highly efficient catalysts towards water oxidation or other oxidative reactions.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The origin of the high electrochemical activity of pseudo-amorphous iridium oxides

Marine Elmaalouf et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that short-range ordering is the key factor driving activity independently of the initial oxidation state and composition of the calcined iridium oxides. By producing iridium-based mixed oxides, the electronic processes can be decoupled from the structural transformation, allowing for higher electrochemical activity.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Increased Ir-Ir Interaction in Iridium Oxide during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction at High Potentials Probed by Operando Spectroscopy

Steffen Czioska et al.

Summary: The structure of IrO2 during the oxygen evolution reaction was studied using operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy, revealing strong structural changes under different applied potentials, potentially due to the formation of oxygen vacancies and lower oxidation state of iridium. Additionally, it was observed that at higher OER potentials, the well-known OER mechanisms need to be modified, and stronger Ir-Ir interactions were observed in the calcined IrO2 samples.

ACS CATALYSIS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Unconventional High-Index Facet of Iridium Boosts Oxygen Evolution Reaction: How the Facet Matters

Fei Xue et al.

Summary: A seed-mediated process was used to synthesize Ir nanocrystals in the form of Pd@Ir core-shell structures with high-index {331} facets, resulting in enhanced OER activity and durability. The high-index facets promoted easier hydroxylation and stable IrOx species formation, leading to improved performance. Both theoretical and experimental studies demonstrated the benefits of high-index Ir shell in facilitating OER activity and durability.

ACS CATALYSIS (2021)

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Article Electrochemistry

Electrochemical Active Surface Area Determination of Iridium-Based Mixed Oxides by Mercury Underpotential Deposition

Silvia Duran et al.

Summary: ECSA is a critical property to describe, analyze and compare electrocatalysts, and Hg-UPD method can be used to estimate ECSA for ultraporous electrocatalysts with excellent reproducibility. The method shows promise for stability and degradation monitoring of electrocatalysts.

CHEMELECTROCHEM (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Exploiting the flexibility of the pyrochlore composition for acid-resilient iridium oxide electrocatalysts in proton exchange membranes

David L. Burnett et al.

Summary: This study investigated iridate pyrochlore oxides as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction under acid conditions, showing high activity with materials like sodium-free Ca2-xIr2O6·nH2O being the most effective. The materials also exhibited minimal carbon corrosion in membrane electrode assemblies, making them suitable for use in proton exchange membrane devices. Under strongly acidic conditions, the pyrochlore structure maintained its electrocatalytic activity, with charge balance achieved by inclusion of protons in the structure.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Recent advances in understanding oxygen evolution reaction mechanisms over iridium oxide

Takahiro Naito et al.

Summary: This article reviews studies from the past decade on the role of iridium oxides in the OER, illustrating possible catalytic cycles and highlighting discrepancies in proposed mechanisms. Future comprehensive and systematic in situ studies are called for to address variations in experimental conditions. Additionally, a recent approach for improving the activity and stability of OER catalysts is discussed.

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Transition metal oxides for water oxidation: All about oxyhydroxides?

Zhichuan J. Xu

SCIENCE CHINA-MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Confined local oxygen gas promotes electrochemical water oxidation to hydrogen peroxide

Chuan Xia et al.

NATURE CATALYSIS (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Rational Design of an Iridium-Tungsten Composite with an Iridium-Rich Surface for Acidic Water Oxidation

Jiajian Gao et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Mechanistic Study of IrO2 Dissolution during the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Alexandra Zagalskaya et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Recent Progress in Electrocatalysts for Acidic Water Oxidation

Zhanwu Lei et al.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Ultrahigh-Loading of Ir Single Atoms on NiO Matrix to Dramatically Enhance Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Qi Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Active Learning Accelerated Discovery of Stable Iridium Oxide Polymorphs for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Raul A. Flores et al.

CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Atomically Dispersed Iridium on Indium Tin Oxide Efficiently Catalyzes Water Oxidation

Dmitry Lebedev et al.

ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Covalency competition dominates the water oxidation structure-activity relationship on spinel oxides

Yuanmiao Sun et al.

NATURE CATALYSIS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Lattice Oxygen Exchange in Rutile IrO2 during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Kevin Schweinar et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS (2020)

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Editorial Material Electrochemistry

Breaking scaling relations in electrocatalysis

Justus Masa et al.

JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Simple Method for Synthesizing Highly Active Amorphous Iridium Oxide for Oxygen Evolution under Acidic Conditions

Payam Salimi et al.

CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Polypyrrole assisted synthesis of nanosized iridium oxide for oxygen evolution reaction in acidic medium

Jian Zhang et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Iridium Single Atoms Coupling with Oxygen Vacancies Boosts Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acid Media

Jie Yin et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Key role of chemistry versus bias in electrocatalytic oxygen evolution

Hong Nhan Nong et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Microkinetic assessment of electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction over iridium oxide in unbuffered conditions

Takeshi Nishimoto et al.

JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Towards a generic understanding of oxygen evolution reaction kinetics in polymer electrolyte water electrolysis

Tobias Schuler et al.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Activating Inert, Nonprecious Perovskites with Iridium Dopants for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction under Acidic Conditions

Xiao Liang et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Dissolution/Precipitation Equilibrium on the Surface of Iridium-Based Perovskites Controls Their Activity as Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts in Acidic Media

Ronghuan Zhang et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Breaking Long-Range Order in Iridium Oxide by Alkali Ion for Efficient Water Oxidation

Jiajian Gao et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Towards maximized utilization of iridium for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction

Marc Ledendecker et al.

NANO RESEARCH (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

An electronic structure descriptor for oxygen reactivity at metal and metal-oxide surfaces

Cohn F. Dickens et al.

SURFACE SCIENCE (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Beyond Scaling Relations for the Description of Catalytic Materials

Mie Andersen et al.

ACS CATALYSIS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Outlining the Scaling-Based and Scaling-Free Optimization of Electrocatalysts

Nitish Govindarajan et al.

ACS CATALYSIS (2019)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Chemical and structural origin of lattice oxygen oxidation in Co-Zn oxyhydroxide oxygen evolution electrocatalysts

Zhen-Feng Huang et al.

NATURE ENERGY (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Toward a Paradigm Shift in Electrocatalysis Using Complex Solid Solution Nanoparticles

Tobias Loeffler et al.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2019)

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Editorial Material Energy & Fuels

Considerations for the scaling-up of water splitting catalysts

Jakob Kibsgaard et al.

NATURE ENERGY (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Revealing the Reactivity of the Iridium Trioxide Intermediate for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Media

Paul E. Pearce et al.

CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Experimental Activity Descriptors for Iridium-Based Catalysts for the Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER)

Camillo Spoeri et al.

ACS CATALYSIS (2019)

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Review Energy & Fuels

Advances in alkaline water electrolyzers: A review

Martin David et al.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE (2019)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Nanoporous Iridium -Based Alloy Nanowires as Highly Efficient Electrocatalysts Toward Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Ying Wang et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Universal scaling relations for the rational design of molecular water oxidation catalysts with near-zero overpotential

Michael John Craig et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Recent Advances and Prospective in Ruthenium-Based Materials for Electrochemical Water Splitting

Jie Yu et al.

ACS CATALYSIS (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recommended Practices and Benchmark Activity for Hydrogen and Oxygen Electrocatalysis in Water Splitting and Fuel Cells

Chao Wei et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2019)

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Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Theory-guided design of catalytic materials using scaling relationships and reactivity descriptors

Zhi-Jian Zhao et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MATERIALS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Strategies to break linear scaling relationships

Javier Perez-Ramirez et al.

NATURE CATALYSIS (2019)

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Article Electrochemistry

Iridium nanoparticles for the oxygen evolution reaction: Correlation of structure and activity of benchmark catalyst systems

Christoph Rakousky et al.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Robust noble metal-based electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction

Qiurong Shi et al.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Challenges and prospects in the catalysis of electroreduction of nitrogen to ammonia

Bryan H. R. Suryanto et al.

NATURE CATALYSIS (2019)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Strategies to Break the Scaling Relation toward Enhanced Oxygen Electrocatalysis

Zhen-Feng Huang et al.

MATTER (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Degradation of iridium oxides via oxygen evolution from the lattice: correlating atomic scale structure with reaction mechanisms

Olga Kasian et al.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

The Common Intermediates of Oxygen Evolution and Dissolution Reactions during Water Electrolysis on Iridium

Olga Kasian et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Water Oxidation Catalysis via Size-Selected Iridium Clusters

Avik Halder et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Operando Evidence for a Universal Oxygen Evolution Mechanism on Thermal and Electrochemical Iridium Oxides

Viktoriia A. Saveleva et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS (2018)

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Highly active nano-sized iridium catalysts: synthesis and operando spectroscopy in a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer

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