Spontaneous Formation of a Ligand-Based 2D Capping Layer on the Surface of Quasi-2D Perovskite Films

Two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper phase perovskites (RPPs) are attracting growing attention for photo-voltaic applications due to their enhanced stability compared to three-dimensional (3D) perovskites. The superior tolerance of 2D RPPs films to moisture and oxygen is mainly attributed to the hydrophobic nature of the introduced long-chain spacer cations (ligands). In this work, it is revealed that a thin capping layer, consisting of self-assembled butylammonium ligands, is sponta-neously formed on the top surface of a quasi-2D perovskite film prepared by conventional one-step hot casting. Based on morphological and crystallographic analyses of both the top/ bottom surfaces and the interior of quasi-2D perovskite films, the formation process of the 2D capping layer and the assembly of RPPs, comprising both large and small slab thickness (large-n, small-n), is elucidated. The vertical orientation of RPPs that is required for sufficient charge transport for 2D perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is further verified. We propose that the surface capping layer is directly responsible for the long-term stability of 2D PSCs. This work provides detailed insight into the microstructure of quasi-2D RPPs films that should assist the development of strategies for unlocking the full potential of 2D perovskites for high-performance PSCs and other solid-state electronic devices.

Automated summary

This study reveals the spontaneous formation of a self-assembled butylammonium ligand capping layer on the top surface of a quasi-2D perovskite film and explains the assembly and vertical orientation of RPPs in the film, which is crucial for the performance of 2D perovskite solar cells. These findings provide important insights for the development of high-performance perovskite solar cells and other solid-state electronic devices.