Journal
CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH
Volume 105, Issue 3, Pages 271-278Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu269
Keywords
Heart development; Epicardium; Cardiomyocyte proliferation; Endocrine signalling
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health [HL070123]
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/B50118X/2, BB/B50118X/1] Funding Source: researchfish
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The strategies that control formation of the ventricular wall during heart development are not well understood. In previous studies, we documented IGF2 as a major mitogenic signal that controls ventricular cardiomyocyte proliferation and chamber wall expansion. Our objective in this study was to define the tissue source of IGF2 in heart development and the upstream pathways that control its expression. Using a number of mouse genetic tools, we confirm that the critical source of IGF2 is the epicardium. We find that epicardial Igf2 expression is controlled in a biphasic manner, first induced by erythropoietin and then regulated by oxygen and glucose with onset of placental function. Both processes are independently controlled by retinoic acid signalling. Our results demonstrate that ventricular wall cardiomyocyte proliferation is subdivided into distinct regulatory phases. Each involves instructive cues that originate outside the heart and thereby act on the epicardium in an endocrine manner, a mode of regulation that is mostly unknown in embryogenesis.
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