MCP1 triggers monocyte dysfunctions during abnormal osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in ankylosing spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by pathological osteogenesis and inflammation. However, the pathogenesis of AS and the pathological relationship between osteogenesis and inflammation in this disease remain largely unknown. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells capable of osteogenic differentiation and immunoregulation. Recently, we demonstrated that MSCs from AS patients (ASMSCs) have a greater potential for osteogenic differentiation than MSCs from healthy donors (HDMSCs), which therefore seems to be a component of pathological osteogenesis in AS. Previous studies have indicated that the immunoregulatory abilities of MSCs change following differentiation. However, the subsequent effects of ASMSCs during abnormal osteogenic differentiation are unclear. Here, we further demonstrated that ASMSCs secreted more monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) than HDMSCs during osteogenic differentiation. This enhanced MCP1 secretion augmented monocyte migration, increased classical macrophage polarization, and enhanced TNF-alpha secretion. Inhibiting MCP1 secretion from osteogenic differentiated ASMSCs using lentiviruses encoding short hairpin RNAs ameliorated these dysfunctions. Blocking the ERK1/2 pathway in ASMSCs with U0126 corrected the abnormal osteogenic differentiation, inhibited MCP1 overexpression, and prevented subsequent monocyte dysfunction. Finally, MCP1 expression was up-regulated during osteogenic differentiation in ASMSCs in vivo and was locally augmented in osteoblasts at ossification sites in AS patients. In summary, our study determined that MCP1 overexpression during abnormal osteogenic differentiation of ASMSCs triggers monocyte dysfunctions. We propose the novel hypothesis that pathological osteogenesis can lead to inflammation in AS. This hypothesis may contribute to reveal the precise pathological relationship between osteogenesis and inflammation in the field of osteoimmunology. ASMSCs secreted more MCP1 during abnormal osteogenic differentiation. MCP1 overexpression leads to monocyte dysfunctions. Pathological osteogenesis can lead to inflammation in AS.