Journal
CARDIOVASCULAR DIABETOLOGY
Volume 14, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
BMC
DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0231-2
Keywords
25-hydroxyvitamin D-2; 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3; Albuminuria; Cardiovascular disease; Microvascular complications; Retinopathy; Type 1 diabetes; Vitamin D
Funding
- TI Food and Nutrition
- Wellcome Trust
- European Community
- Diabetes UK
- Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
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Background: Low circulating levels of total vitamin D [25(OH)D] and 25(OH)D-3 have been associated with vascular complications in few studies on individuals with type 1 diabetes. However, these measures are affected by UV light exposure. Circulating 25(OH) D-2, however, solely represents dietary intake of vitamin D2, but its association with complications of diabetes is currently unknown. We investigated the associations between 25(OH) D-2 and 25(OH)D-3 and the prevalence of albuminuria, retinopathy and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Methods: We measured circulating 25(OH)D-2 and 25(OH)D-3 in 532 individuals (40 +/- 10 years old, 51 % men) with type 1 diabetes who participated in the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Cross-sectional associations of 25(OH)D-2 and 25(OH)D-3 with albuminuria, retinopathy and CVD were assessed with multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, season, BMI, smoking, HbA1c, total-HDL-cholesterol-ratio, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, eGFR, physical activity, alcohol intake, albuminuria, retinopathy and CVD, as appropriate. Results: Fully adjusted models revealed that 1 nmol/L higher 25(OH)D-2 and 10 nmol/L higher 25(OH)D-3 were associated with lower prevalence of macroalbuminuria with ORs (95 % CI) of 0.56 (0.43; 0.74) and 0.82 (0.72; 0.94), respectively. These vitamin D species were not independently associated with microalbuminuria, non-proliferative and proliferative retinopathy or CVD. Conclusions: In individuals with type 1 diabetes, both higher 25(OH)D-2 and 25(OH)D-3 are associated with a lower prevalence of macroalbuminuria, but not of retinopathy and CVD. Prospective studies are needed to further examine the associations between 25(OH)D-2 and 25(OH)D-3 and the development of microvascular complications and CVD in type 1 diabetes.
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